|
|
YEAR OF STUDY I
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
SECTION I SECTION II
|
SECTION 1 Unit 3 (G) Grammar: Continuous
Tenses Active and Passive Adjectives:
Degrees of Comparison Emphatic Construction: It is
(was) … Numerals. (R) (SR)Supplementary reading: From the history of computers What’s
a computer? Types of
computers Computer speed
and capacity issues (L) Listening Types
of computer systems (G) Grammar (block I): Continuous Tenses Active and Passive
Exercise 1G. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the use of tense-forms.
Exercise 2G. Replace the Indefinite Tenses sentences with the Continuous Tenses ones
using the adverbial modifiers of time: now,
at 3 o’clock, from … to, when she came where necessary: 1. They built a new
hostel some years ago. 2. The students
prepare their lessons in the library. 3. We’ll have dinner
at our student’s canteen. 4. Tomorrow we’ll have
a seminar in mathematics. 5. They bought a new
computer 2 weeks ago. 6. We read your
text-book. 7. My friend worked
in the computing centre. 8. We play football
every Sunday. 9. Our teacher asks
us many questions at the lesson. 10.
I watched a new film on TV last week. Exercise 3G. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian: 1. What questions
are being discussed now? 2. We are taking our
exams next Friday. 3. My friend
graduated from the University in 2004. 4. I don’t know what
university he is entering. 5. Who is being
examined now? 6. Can you tell me
who is sitting next to her? 7. Computers are
becoming more and more popular. 8. The experiments
were being carried out in some laboratories, when the new term started. 9. Our professor was
being listened to with great attention the whole lecture. 10.
Don’t come at 2 o’clock! I’ll be having my English
lesson. 11.
I can’t understand what you are talking about. 12.
Disc drives are used to handle one or more floppy
drives. Exercise 4G. Translate the following sentences into English: 1. Наш університет був заснований понад 40 років тому. 2. Інформація зберігається в пам’яті комп’ютера, чи не
так? 3. Основна пам'ять зберігає інструкції та дані, які
зараз (в даний момент) обробляються комп’ютером. 4. Про що ти думаєш? 5. Я поїду провідати своїх батьків наступної суботи. 6. Коли я зайшов, вона роздруковувала документ. 7. Досліди будуть проводитися завтра чи сьогодні? 8. Мені здається, що мене не слухають. 9. Вони писали програму вчора ввечері. (G) Grammar (block II): Adjectives
Exercise 5G. Open the brackets using the adjectives in the Superlative degree: 1. Our University is
(large) than the Medical one. 2. Is English (easy) for you than maths? 3. December, 22 is (short) day of the year. 4. Notebook is (comfortable) than the desk-top
computer. 5. My friend is (good) student in the group. 6. Programming is (difficult) for her than physics. Exercise 6G. Complete this review of a digital camera by typing in the superlative
form of the adjectives in brackets:
Exercise 7G. Answer the following questions: 1. What university
is the oldest in your town? 2. Who’s the
youngest in your group? 3. Which of you is
good at programming? 4. Is English more
difficult than German? 5. What is the
easiest subject for you? 6. Who studies
better than you? 7. Who lives the
farthest from the University? 8. What is the most
attractive building in your town? 9. Who studies worse
than you? 10.
Does your sister get earlier than you? Order of Adjectives
Exercise 8G. Characterize these notions, using as many adjectives as you can:
Exercise 9G. Choose
the correct order of words: 1.
He’s recently started working for a (brilliant new British/new British brilliant/British
brilliant new) design company. 2.
I need to replace this (cheap plastic/plastic cheap) laptop – it’s embarrassing when I
meet clients. 3.
Let me show you this (clever new/new clever) design program I’ve started using. 4.
We use the (computer
Japanese latest/Japanese latest computer/latest Japanese computer)
technology to make sure that our clients get what they need. 5. Why are you
still using that (Sony old cheap/cheap
old Sony/old Sony cheap) Walkman? You should get an iPod. (L) Listening Task (Recording 2) Exercise 1L. Before listening, answer these questions: 1 Have you got a
computer at home, school or work? What kind is it? 2 How often do you
use it? What do you use it for? 3 What are the main
components and features (the configuration) of your computer system? Exercise 2L. Listen to a short lecture given by John
Griffiths, an expert on computer systems. As you listen, label the pictures
below with the following words:
Exercise 3L. Listen again and decide whether these
sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones: 1. A mainframe
computer is less powerful than a PC. 2. A mainframe is
used by large organizations that need to process enormous amounts of data 3. The most
suitable computers for home use are desktop PCs. 4. A laptop is
not portable. 5. Laptops are
not as powerful as desktop PCs. 6. Using a
stylus, you can write directly onto the screen of a tablet PC. 7. A Personal
Digital Assistant is small enough to fit into the palm of your hand. 8. A PDA does not allow you to surf the Web. (G) Grammar (block III): Emphatic Construction
Exercise 10G. Translate the following sentences with the emphatic construction: Example: It
was Pascal who invented in Саме Паскаль винайшов у Франції перший
механічний комп’ютер. It was in Саме
у Франції був винайдений перший механічний комп’ютер. It was the first mechanical
computer that was invented in Саме
перший механічний комп’ютер був винайдений у Франції Паскалем. 1. It was the
invention of the computer that revolutionized the thinking process. 2. It was in 1944
when the first automatic computer appeared and began to operate. 3. It was Norbert
Wilner who was considered to be the father of cybernetic. 4. It was Chebyshev
who invented the first arithmometer. 5. It was yesterday
when we discussed our plan of work. 6. It was Gagarin
who started the era of cosmic flights. 7. It is an input
unit that accepts information from outside the computer. 8. It is the
gravitation that makes the satellites move around the Earth. (R) Computers are changing the world Everybody agrees that a
computer is really a very specific kind of counting machine. It can do
arithmetic calculation much faster than any person alive, and answer any
question in a few seconds. It stores the information in its memory until it
is needed. Some can do only one job. They are the “big brains” that can solve
the most difficult problems of science. And it was a computer that changed
the world and thinking process. Our grandparents used to
think of a computer as a large machine that took up the whole room. But today
computers are becoming smaller and more popular. There are several advantages
in making computers as small as one can. Sometimes weight is particularly
important. But it’s not the only factor. The smaller the computer is, the
faster it can work. The signals go to and fro at a very high but almost
constant speed. A computer consists of 5 parts. Some of the first computers cost millions of dollars, but people
quickly learned that it was cheaper to let one expensive computer make the
necessary calculations than to have a hundred clerks doing the same job. As
their popularity grew the number of factories producing them also grew all
over the world. Exercise1R. Read the text and choose the proper variant: 1. A computer is a
kind of (a counting machine, a
typewriter, a table game). 2. Computer could be
used to (play games, solve different
problems, save money). 3. There are (very many, few, five) most important parts
of a computer. 4. The smaller the
computer is, the (slower, better,
faster) it can work. 5. Computers are
becoming (cheaper, larger, more popular). Exercise 2R. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to
the conjunctions of comparison: as … as
(як, так і/ як), not so … as (не так, як), the … the (чим …, тим …), than …
(ніж), much more important (набагато важливіше): 1. This computer is not so expensive as that
one. 2. Today’s computers are much cheaper than 10
years ago. 3. She doesn’t work at her English as she did
last year. 4. Chemistry is not so interesting for me as
mathematics. 5. The more we study, the more we know. 6. The less we know the less we forget. 7. This problem is much more important to him. 8. English is the most popular language in the
world. 9. The more expensive processors the faster
they can run. 10. English is easier than
Russian. 11. Computers do the
calculations much faster than people. 12. Do it as quickly as
possible. (SR) Supplementary reading
(block I) Exercise 1SR. In pairs,
label the elements of this computer system. Then read the text and check your answers. What is a computer? Computers are electronic machines which can accept
data in a certain form process the data and
give the results of the processing in a specified format as
information. Three basic steps are involved in the process. First, data is
fed into the computer's memory. Then, when the program is run, the computer performs a set of instructions and processes the
data. Finally, we can see the
results (the output) on the screen or in printed form (see
the
diagram below). Information in the form of data and programs is
known as software, and the
electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system are called hardware. A
standard computer system consists of three main sections: the central processing unit (CPU), the main memory and the peripherals. Perhaps the most influential component is the central
processing unit. Its function is to execute program
instructions and coordinate the
activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the 'brain' of the
computer. The main memory holds
the instructions and data which are currently being processed by the CPU. The peripherals
are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storage devices and input/output devices. Storage devices (floppy,
hard or optical disks) provide a permanent storage of
both data and programs. Disk drives are
used to handle one or more floppy disks. Input devices enable data to go into the computer's memory. The
most common input devices are the mouse
and the keyboard. Output
devices enable us to extract the finished product from the system. For
example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer. On the rear panel
of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range
of peripherals - modems, fax machines, optical drives and scanners. These are the main physical units of a computer system, generally
known as the configuration.
Exercise 2SR. Read the text and study the diagram above. Use the information in the text and the
diagram to help you match the terms in the box with the appropriate
explanation or definition below:
1.
The brain of the computer. 2.
Physical parts that make up a computer system. 3.
Programs which can be used on a particular computer
system. 4.
The information which is presented to the computer. 5.
Results produced by a computer. 6.
Hardware equipment attached to the CPU. 7.
Visual display unit. 8.
Small device used to store information. Same as
'diskette'. 9.
Any socket or channel in a computer system into
which an input/output device may be connected. Exercise 3SR. Do you know… Types of computers What
is a mainframe computer? - Mainframe computers are the big, powerful,
expensive computers used in the background by most large organizations. The
power of the mainframe can be distributed among many people accessing the
mainframe either via a PC or a so-called “dumb terminal”. Companies such as
large insurance companies would use the mainframe to keep track of their
policyholders and send out renewal notices. What is a mini-computer? - Like
mainframes, these are very powerful and also very expensive. In many ways,
the old differences between a mainframe and a minicomputer have blurred and
in many cases, the two words are almost interchangeable. In former days, the
mainframes were the biggest computers that organizations would use, while
mini-computers were used by mid-sized companies.
In the early days, most PCs ran an operating system called DOS (Disk
Operating System). These days most PCs will be running a version of Microsoft
Windows (Windows 95, Windows 98, NT or Windows 2000). The Apple Mac is a computer, but NOT a PC. It uses a different
operating system, and requires special versions of application programs (such
as word-processors or spreadsheets). Even the hardware add-ons have to be
customized to some extent to be able to be connected to a Mac. In the early
days the thing that really distinguished the Mac over the PC was the GUI
(Graphical User Interface), or in plain English the way you could use the
mouse to drive the computer. In the early days of the PC, you really had to
be a bit of an expert to use and maintain your PC! Recently the differences between the PC and the Mac have blurred, with
even Microsoft buying a stake in Apple. More information: http://www.apple.com What
is a networked computer? - A network allows you to connect two or more
computers together. This allows data stored on one PC to be retrieved by
other PCs connected to the network. It also allows the sharing of resources.
Thus instead of each PC requiring its own printer to be directly connected to
it, you can have a single printer shared amongst many, networked PCs. In the
early days, to network PCs together was a complicated task, only to be
attempted by qualified professionals. These days most people with a good
working knowledge of Microsoft Windows can install and configure a Windows
based network. However to get the best out of your network, in terms of
performance and What are laptop
& palmtops computers? - Laptop computers as the name
implies are small, portable computers that can run on batteries as well as
mains power. They use special screens, rather than the traditional bulky VDUs
(Visual Display Units), which allows for longer battery life as well as
portability. A newer term, “Notebooks”, simply indicates a VERY small laptop.
These are especially popular with salespersons on the move or people giving
presentations. While they tend to still be more expensive than an equivalent
Desktop computer, they can now match the power of a Desktop computer.
Palmtops are even smaller computers! Computer speed and capacity issues CPU types Modern PCs use
some sort of Pentium (or equivalent) Central Processing Unit (CPU). There is
a number of different Pentium CPUs on the market and to get information of
the latest types read the computer press or visit the Intel Web site. Your
computer may have a 586 rather than an Intel Pentium in it. This simply means
that the CPU is not made by Intel, but by some other manufacturer, such as
Cyrix or AMD. The Pentium name is copyrighted by Intel and only Intel CPUs
can be called Pentium CPUs. Clock speed The computer
clock speed governs how fast the CPU will run. The higher the clock speed the
faster the computer will work for you. The clock speed is given in megahertz
(MHz). The originally IBM PC ran at 4.77 MHz whereas modern PCs will often
run at over 600 MHz which gives you an idea of how far things have progressed
since the introduction of the original PC. The higher the MHz speed the
faster the computer. RAM If you are using
a Windows based system, then you will often see great improvements to your
computer’s performance by adding more RAM (Random Access Memory). Hard disk speed
and storage Hard disks are also measured by their speed, defined
by the disk access time, which is measured in milliseconds. The smaller this
access time the faster the hard disk will store or retrieve data. The data
storage capacity of hard disks continues to increase as new products are
released. The disk storage capacity is measured in Gigabytes (GBytes). 1
GByte is equivalent to 1024 Mbytes. Exercise 4SR. Complete this customer review from a website by typing in the words
from the box:
(G) Grammar (block IV): Numerals
Exercise 11G. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to
numerals: 1. Our University
was founded in 1967. 2. It became independent
in 1974. 3. Our department
numbers 300 people. 4. We celebrated the
University day on the 6th of October. 5. ⅓ of student’s
staff does not pay for studying. 6. There are 4 or 3
students in each hostel room. 7. We are 8. Each institute
has 2 departments with the dean at the head. 9. The lessons
finish at 2 p.m. 10. Our University
library contains thousands of books on different specialties. 11. The student’s
staff is about 6.000 persons. 12. We are first-year
students. 13. My friend will graduate
from our University in 2009. 14. They entered our
Computing department in 2000. 15. I live about (SR) Supplementary reading
(block II) From the history of computers Thousands years
ago, humans needed to count. Families had to know how many animals, how much
food and how much land they owned. This information was important when people
wanted to buy and sell things and also when people died or got married. There
were many different ways to count and write down the numbers. Around 1900 to
500 B.C. the Babylonians invented a new way to count which used place values
and between 1000 and 500 B.C. they invented abacus. It used small stones
which they put in lines. Each line of stones showed a different place value.
To do calculations they were moving stones from one line to another. Although
an abacus could be very fast it wasn’t really a machine because it didn’t do
calculations automatically. In the 17th
century, people began to build calculating machines. In 1640, the French mathematician
Blasé Pascal made an Arithmetic Machine. During the next 10 years, Pascal
made 50 more machines. In the 1670s, a
German called Leibnitz continued Pascal’s work and made a better machine. It
was his machine that could do more difficult calculations than Pascal’s
Arithmetic Machine. In the 19th
century, machines changed the world. People could travel more easily and
communicate more quickly. The Industrial age was being started. The second half
of the twentieth century saw the start of the Computer age. At first,
computers were very difficult to use, and only a few people could understand
them. But soon computers began to appear in offices, then at homes. When the
first computers were built in the 1940s and 1950s, they were enormous. In
fact, they were as big as a room. In fact they weighed less then 1, 5 tones. Today’s computers
are being preferred in every office, school, and university. They are in so
many ordinary things: cars, CD-players, washing-machines, TV-sets etc. Modern
young people can’t imagine their life without computers. Exercise 4SR. Read
and translate the following text and ask all types of questions. Exercise 5SR. Read
text and write out the antonyms to the following words:
Exercise 6SR. Write
tag questions to the following sentences: 1.
At first computers were
very large, чи не так? 2.
Pascal invented the first
computer in 1640, чи не так? 3.
Computers will be really
small, чи не так? 4.
The experiments were being
carried out the whole week, чи не так? 5.
He is as smart as his
brother, чи не так? 6.
She can read English books
in the original, чи не так? 7.
Our University numbers
about 6.000 students, чи не так? 8.
You can keep it as long s you need it, чи не
так? 9.
They will be able to get a
grant, чи не так? 10. Computers are becoming very popular, чи не так? |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
