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YEAR OF STUDY II
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SECTION I SECTION II
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Unit 2 (G) Grammar: Infinitive
& its Functions (R) (L) Listening Interview
about cybercafé Cybercafé: benefits and
dangers for children (S) Speaking: History,
culture and traditions of Mini-project:
plan your own cybercafé! (SR) Supplementary reading: Internet
2 - The next step Security and privacy on the
Internet Computer Viruses (G) Grammar (block I): Infinitives
Exercise 1G. Translate the following sentences and state the forms and functions of
the Infinitive (consult the table below): 1.
The input unit to
be described here is a new device. 2. To know English well you must work very hard. 3. The experiments to be carried out are very important. 4. To add and to
subtract means to perform
mathematical operations. 5. The students came
to be instructed by the professor. 6. He (is/was) glad to have helped her. 7. She was glad to have been helped. 8. Information to be computed is usually stored in
registers. 9. He was happy to have been working for so many years
with this professor. 10. The programmer
has to compile this program to give the exact commands to the
computer.
Exercise 2G. Find the Infinitives, state their forms and functions. Translate the
following sentences into Ukrainian: 1.
The problems to be settled will be very serious. 2.
In this region there are no historical places
(sightseeings) to be mentioned. 3.
This method was introduced in the plant to achieve
better results. 4.
The valuable information to be collected by sputniks
will help to forecast weather. 5.
They were glad to take part in our discussion. 6.
In fact, the computer takes only one-tenth of its
total operating time to do the computing. 7.
Many people came to this conference to discuss the
problem of global warming. 8.
The method is not good enough to be used in the
future. 9.
It didn’t take much time to extend this program. 10.
The results to be received may vary considerably. 11.
He remembered to have been living in the 12.
He was too tired to be asked so many questions. 13.
She was the first to speak at the meeting. 14.
Experience has shown that government can do much to
stabilize the economy. 15. To be objective is a
must in any science. 16.
As in many other cases two
different attempts to deal with this problem can be found in the User’s Manual. 17.
To achieve favourable conditions, we were forced to
login once again. 18.
There were few specialists to consult with. 19.
To forecast the future we must analyze the past
course of events. 20.
Who will be the next to
translate this sentence? 21.
To start the computer it was necessary to reboot it. 22.
Often referred to as network configuration, these
settings are not allowed to change. 23.
The very first thing you must do is to ensure that
the computer is switched off. 24.
The problem was too much difficult to be solved
spontaneously, without being carefully considered.
Verbals with/ without to
Exercise 3G. Insert the Infinitives (with or without to) and translate the
sentences into Ukrainian: 1.
I would like /to
discuss/ discuss/ this problem without being asked /to wait/ wait/. 2.
Do you want /to
read/ read/ this article now? 3.
Could you /to
tell/ tell/ me about the history of you native town? 4.
You’d better /to
go/ go/ to the Internet café without waiting for your turn. 5.
The teacher made the students /to do/ do/ this difficult translation. 6.
Let’s /to
talk/ talk/ about different kinds of data communication systems. 7.
Let me /to
think/ think/ about your proposal. 8.
Children are not allowed /to visit/ visit/ computing centers after 10 p.m. 9.
Try / to
understand/ understand/ how this device functions. 10.
Are you going /to
pass/ pass/ your exams next week? 11.
Will you /to
be able/ be able/ /to help/ help/
us with this network configuration? 12.
It caused the pointer /to move/ move/ erratically. Exercise 4G. Translate into English: 1.
Їх попросили розповісти про історію рідного краю. 2.
Зараз занадто пізно, щоб іти в парк. 3.
Я хотіла б попрацювати над цією проблемою. 4.
Він був радий взяти участь у роботі цієї конференції. 5.
Давайте розглянемо функції цього приладу пізніше. 6.
Він не знав, що потрібно було робити далі. 7.
Вони приїхали, щоб познайомитися з традиціями нашого
народу. 8.
Досліди, які потрібно провести, будуть надзвичайно
важливими для її дослідження. 9.
Вони вивчають іноземні мови для того, щоб мати
можливість читати літературу в оригіналі. 10. Скільки часу вам
потрібно, щоб завершити цей дослід? 11. Не змушуйте мене
нагадувати про вашу обіцянку ще раз. 12. Ми задоволені, що
працюємо в цій лабораторії протягом 6 років. (R)
Exercise 1R. Try
to answer these questions. How can a PC be
connected to another computer? What data
communication systems can you think of? Make a list.
Exercise 2R. Match the data communication services on the left with the requirements
on the right. Then read the passage and check your answers.
Channels of communication What are
“telecommunications”? This term refers to the
transmission of information over long distances using the telephone system,
radio, TV satellite or computer links. Examples are two people speaking on
the phone, a sales department sending a fax to a client or someone reading
the teletext pages on TV But in the modern world, telecommunications mainly
means transferring information from one PC to another via modem and phone
lines (or fibre-optic cables). What can you do with a
modem? A modem is your computer's
link to the external world. With a modem you can exchange e-mail and files
with friends and colleagues; you can access the Web and search for
information about the stock market, current affairs, entertainment, etc.; you
can participate in newsgroups and live conversations; you can make bank
transactions and buy things from the comfort of your home. You can also
access your office from your computer at home or your laptop in a hotel room. Modems Your PC is a
digital device (it works with 1s and 0s). However, the telephone is an analogue device, designed to transmit the sounds of the
human voice. That's why we need a modem — a bridge between digital and analogue
signals. The word “modem” is an acronym for MOdulator / DEModulator. When a modem modulates, it sends rapid on/off
pulses. The computer on the
other end translates (demodulates) those signals into intelligible text or graphics. Modem transmission speeds are measured in
kilobits per second. The conventional modem transmits data at 56 kbps: a cable modem offers speeds of up to
2 Mbps; and an ADSL modem supports data rates of 1.5 to 9 Mbps. Today a lot of companies
find it more efficient to have some employees doing their work at home. Using
a modem, they transfer their work into the office where it is printed and
distributed. The list of applications is endless. What do you need to
telecommunicate? You just need a PC (or a
terminal), a modem connected to the computer and the telephone line, and
communication software. Once you have installed and configured your modem,
you can communicate with people through bulletin boards and online services. Local bulletin boards Bulletin
board systems (BBS) are frequently free because they are run by
enthusiasts and sponsored by user groups or small businesses. The person who administers the BBS is called sysop (system operator). You can use a BBS to download artwork, games and programs, or you can participate in ongoing discussions. You can also upload (send) programs, but make sure they
are shareware or public domain programs. Online service providers To
gain access to the Net you must first open an account with a service
provider. Internet service providers give you a software package,
username, password and access phone number. You can then log on to the
Internet and browse the web, download files from FTP sites, and send and
receive e-mail. Most ISPs charge a flat monthly or annual fee that gives you
unlimited access. Commercial online services e.g. America Online, CompuServe
and the Microsoft Network. They differ from dedicated ISPs in two ways: (1)
they use a smooth, easy-to-use interface, and (2) they have extra services
for 60 members only (but they charge higher prices). For example, they offer
airline reservations, professional forums, etc.
Teletext
on ITV and Channel Four is an information service
in Exercise 3R. Complete
the sentences by using a term from the list. Then write the words in the
crossword.
1. When you are
connected to the Internet you are described as being __________. 2. To communicate
via the Internet you need a PC, a modem and a ___________ line. 3. To have access to
the Internet you must first open an __________ with an Internet service
provider. 4. You need a _____________
to convert computer data into a form that can be transmitted over the phone
lines. 5. The public
discussion areas on the Internet are called __________. 6. You can use a BBS to _________ clip-art, games and shareware to your PC. 7. CompuServe and America Online offer exclusive __________ to their
customers. 8. The Internet is a
global __________ of computer networks. Exercise 4R. Match
and link the pairs of expressions that have the same meaning:
(G) Grammar (block II): Word-building Exercise 1G. a)
In pairs, look at the
words below and decide: • what part of
speech each word is • where the stress
falls on each item. b)
If you are not sure, look them
up in a dictionary. tele- means “at/over a
distance” 1. telegram 2.
telephoto 3.
televise 4.
television 5.
teletype 6.
teletext 7.
telegraph 8.
telegrapher 9.
telegraphic 10. telegraphically 11. telepathy 12.
telepathic 13. telescope 14. telescopic 15.
telephonist Exercise 2G. Now
write down some words formed by adding these prefixes. 1 auto- (means
“self”) 2
trans- (means “across from one place to another”) 3 inter- (means
“between”, “among”) (L) Listening (block
I): Task (Recording 2) Exercise 1L. a)
Look at the photo below
and try to answer these questions. 1. What is a cybercafé? 2. What services
would you expect when entering a cybercafé?
b) Listen to this interview with Daniel Sturdy, the manager of an Internet
café in 1. A cybercafé is a
cafe where you can have access to the Internet and related services. 2. You can talk to people
over the Internet as if you were speaking on the phone. 3. They don't help
people who have problems while using the Internet. 4. A private e-mail
account costs £10 a month. 5. At the moment
they have got many international users. 6. You have to pay
long-distance rates on the Internet. 7. In the café area
you can sit, drink coffee and chat to people. 8. Most of the
computers are in an upstairs area. 9.
Choose
the correct word to complete the list of things that you can do at a typical
cybercafé: 10.
(access/get into/enter) the Internet 11.
(multiple/multiplayer/many-player) gaming 12.
(look for/find/browse) the Web 13.
(drink/take/make) coffee 14.
(web/online/internet) telephony 15.
chat (at/to/-) people (S) Speaking Exercise 1S. Read and translate the texts
and get ready to speak on them: History of The term “ During the reign of Volodymyr the Great the Christianity was adopted
as a single religion in Rus’. During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, Kyiv Rus
reached the pike of its cultural flourishing. It was Yaroslav who adopted the
first juridical norms of law: “Rus’ka Pravda”. During the reign of Volodymyr
Monomah the state had the political as well as the territorial stability. He
continued the work of Yaroslav on the development of culture and turned
attention to education. From the 13th century After the overthrow of the tsar in March 1917, Ukrainian political and
military organizations convened an assembly in Kyiv, called the The Ukrainian people suffered greatly during the World War II. 4
million and a half of Ukrainian people were killed, more than 2 million were
taken to Only on the 24th of August in 1991 the Supreme Council of
the Culture and Traditions in On
the 24th of August we celebrate the Independence Day. There are a
lot of concerts and dances in the streets of Kyiv. This day is the greatest
national holiday. New Year Holiday is widely observed in Christmas Day is observed on the 7th of January. This
holiday is of religious origin. Most people observe the tradition of going to
church and having a tasty dinner. On the 8th of March we celebrate Women’s Day. It is a nice spring
holiday when men give presents and flowers to their wives, sweethearts,
girl-friends, sisters and daughters. Another great national holiday is Easter, the holiday of celebrating
Christ’s rising from the dead. It is a time of giving or receiving presents
that traditionally took the form of an Easter egg. April’s Fool’s Day named from the custom of playing practical jokes or
sending on fool’s errands is on the 1st of April. People enjoy
joking and laughing on this holiday. The 9th of May is Victory Day, the holiday of victory over
fascist invaders. People lay flowers to the war memorials, to the tombs of
those who died in the war. On the 7th of July our people celebrate an old heathen
holiday, the Day if Ivan Kupalo. The celebration of the Day of Ivan Kupalo is
rather a tradition than a holiday. On this day people gather at the banks of
the river, make bonfires, etc. People say that on this day the water has a
clearing power, young couples jump over the bonfires to know whether they’ll
be together or not. It is very beautiful and unusual tradition of our people. There are many other traditions in Over the last few years Ukrainian people also
celebrate such foreign holidays as St. Valentine’s Day and Halloween. Exercise 2S. Mini-project: plan your own
cybercafé! Imagine
you want to open an Internet café in
town. In pairs, look at the box below and make a project about a café:
Exercise 3S. Read the passage,
then choose the correct variant to complete the sentences: One
of the greatest advances in modern technology has been the invention of
computers. They help us, fascinate us and occasionally scare us. The latest
fear concerns children and computers. Some experts claim that brothers and
sisters are starting to play more with computers than with one another, and
that computers are distancing children from their parents. Walking
round a toyshop you find a home computer game to satisfy any child's violent
imagination. Adult computer addicts are familiar figures: pale people who sit
in front of green screens hour after hour. That is their choice. But the idea
of a child living in front of a flashing green screen is somehow less
acceptable. Canadian child psychologist Jams-Norton explains: These are
children with few friends, afraid of making conversation. They are children
who are usually allowed to do what they want. They cannot concentrate for
long periods of time except in front of the screen. "If the computer
games they play are violent," she adds, "they become indifferent to
violence faster than they would through watching violent videos." A
frightening picture starts to appear. Jams-Norton sees a good number of
troubled children. They usually persuade their parents to buy them a computer
by saying it "will help their education." Computers, after all, are
a central part of education today. Some educationalists enthusiastically look
forward to the day when every child will have a personal computer in the
class room and the class teacher will be nothing but a technician. That is
not particularly appealing either, although with the current lack of teachers
someone may soon decide it makes good economic sense. Jams-Norton disapproves
of such an attitude, it is relationships with the teacher and the other
pupils that make you learn." We
may be at a sort of crossroads. It is a question of whether we use the
machines wisely or stupidly in bringing up children. "The computer, says
the child psychologist, is only a surface problem but the real problem is not
computers. It is parents who have forgotten how to be parents, or don't have
the confidence. I wish they'd start noticing and worrying about what is
happening a bit sooner." A People are worried that children's dependence on
computers may result in … 1.serious learning
difficulties. 2.serious problems
with health. 3.families having
communication problems. 4.permanent
anxieties. B
Computer-dependent children … 1.concentrate on
the screen for short periods only. 2.become violent or
aggressive. 3.find it hard to
communicate with other children. 4.stammer more
often than other children. C The idea of computer-dependent adults is acceptable
because … 1.They can control
their violent imaginations easily. 2.They are old
enough to make their own decisions. 3.They can not stop
looking at the flashing screen. 4.They don’t only
use the computers for game. D Some experts
believe that in the future … 1.Every teacher
will have a PC in the classroom. 2.It will be too expensive
to give each schoolchild a computer. 3.Children will be
educated at home using computers. 4.Most teaching
will be done by computers. E What is the real
problem behind children's dependence on computers, according to the child
psychologist? 1.Children's
learning can be slowed down. 2.Parents do not
participate in their children's education. 3.Children regard
computers as toys not tools. 4.Parents do not
have confidence when using computers. (L) Listening (block
II): Task (Recording 3)
Exercise 2L. Listen to Diana Wilson, a member of the
Internet Safety Foundation. She is talking about cyberspace's dangers and benefits
for children. Complete
the notes in this table:
(SR)
Supplementary reading (block I): Internet2 - The next step Exercise 1SR. Read the headings and the
text. Then match them to the paragraphs. ·
Partners for
change ·
Trials and
challenges ·
A new project ·
Future plans ·
Speed,
security, service 1
________________ Internet2 is a collaborative
project between universities, government agencies and industry partners in
the 2
________________ There are three major
challenges facing Internet2: · to establish an
advanced communications infrastructure for the · to develop new
applications, such as digital libraries, telemedicine and virtual
laboratories, allowing participants to send big packets of data and video at
high speed. For example, teachers and students can view and consult during
real-time medical operations, scientists can collaborate in virtual meetings
etc · to transfer the
new network capabilities to all levels of education and to the rest of the
Internet. 3
________________ The I2 project is made up of
three main categories of members: universities, non-profit organizations and
corporate partners, i.e. sponsors and industries interested in investing in
the project. 4
________________ Internet2 is working together
with advanced networks such as the high-speed Backbone Network Service
developed by MCI/Worldcom, and the Next Generation Internet, which is being
built by US federal agencies. It runs on a new fibre-optic backbone called 5
________________ Internet 2 and its fast
backbones are not available to the general public yet, and its physical
structure is not intended to replace the global Internet. But the plan for
the future is to integrate the new technology with the public Internet and to
make it available to everyone. Exercise 2SR. Fill in the gaps in these
sentences using the passive forms of the verbs in the box:
1. The new national backbone
__________ 2. The Internet2
project __________ by UCAID in October 1996. 3. Funds and grants
for research __________ by non-profit organizations like the National Science
Foundation. 4. One objective of
Internet2 is to develop new technologies that can __________ in the global
Internet. 5. Huge packets of
data and video __________ at high speed. 6. In the future
it’s likely that all media (TV, web content, email, etc.) __________ over Internet2. Exercise 3SR. Refer to the text to find
the term for these definitions: In paragraph 1 · investigation
undertaken to discover new facts In
paragraph 2 · technology that
provides high-quality information to doctors over long distances In
paragraph 4: · glass material
that guides light impulses at high frequencies · high-speed data
highways that connect other networks ·
1,024 megabits · specification
that describes how computers will talk to each other on a network Exercise 4SR. Security and privacy on
the Internet There are a lot of benefits from
an open system like the Internet, but we are also exposed to hackers who
break into computer systems just for fun, as well as to steal information or
propagate viruses. So how do you go about making online transactions secure? Security on the Web The question of security is
crucial when sending confidential information such as credit to card numbers.
For example, consider the process of
buying a book on the Web. You have to type your credit card number
into an order form which passes from computer to computer on its way to the
online bookstore. If one of the intermediary computers is infiltrated by
hackers, your data can be copied. It is difficult to say how often this
happens, but it's technically possible. To avoid risks, you should
set all security alerts to high on your Web browser. Netscape Communicator
and Internet Explorer display a lock when the Web page is secure and allow
you to disable or delete “cookies”. If you use online bank
services, make sure your bank uses
digital certificates. A popular security standard is SET (secure electronic
transactions). E-mail privacy Similarly, as your e-mail
message travels across the net, it is copied temporarily on many computers in
between. This means it can be read by unscrupulous people who illegally enter
computer systems. The only way to protect a
message is to put it in a sort of 'envelope', that is, to encode it with some
form of encryption. A system designed to send e-mail privately is Pretty
Good Privacy, a freeware program written by Phil Zimmerman. Network security Private networks connected
to the Internet can be attacked by intruders who attempt to take valuable
information such as Social Security numbers, bank accounts or research and
business reports. To protect crucial data, companies
hire security consultants who analyse the risks and provide security
solutions. The most common methods of protection are passwords for access
control, encryption and decryption systems, and firewalls. Virus protection Viruses can enter a PC through
files from disks, the Internet or bulletin board systems. If you want to
protect your system, don't open e-mail attachments from strangers and take
care when downloading files from the Web. (Plain text e-mail alone can't pass
a virus.) Remember also to update your
anti-virus software as often as possible, since new viruses are being created
all the time.
Exercise 5SR. Do you know… Computer Viruses
BEWARE: Viruses can
destroy all your data. How do viruses
infect PCs? Viruses hide on a disk and when you access the disk (either a diskette
or another hard disk over a network) the virus program will start and infect
your computer. The worst thing about a computer virus is that they can spread
from one computer to another, either via use of infected floppy disk, or over
a computer network. The Internet allows you to access files from all over the world and
you should never connect to the Internet unless you have a virus-checking
program installed on your computer. It is vital to keep your virus monitoring software up to date. Many
such as Norton Anti Virus allow you to update the program so that the program
can check for recently discovered viruses. More Information: Macfee anti virus software http://www.mcafee.com Norton Anti-virus software http://www.symantec.com/avcenter DR Solomon anti-virus software http://www.drsolomon.com How to prevent
virus damage There are a number of third party anti-virus products available. Most
of these are better than the rather rudimentary products available within DOS and Windows, but of course, you do
have to pay for them! The main thing about your virus checker is that it
should be kept up to date. Many companies supply updated disks on a regular
basis or allow you to receive updates through an electronic, on-line bulletin
board. If you are using 3 1/2” diskette, there is a notch that can be opened
or closed which may be used to protect the disk. To protect the contents of
the disk move the notch to the open position (you should be able to see
though the hole). To password protect your computer You can set a power-on password on your computer. The mechanism for
setting this will vary from one computer to another, and is determined by the
makers of the computer, rather than by DOS. The advantage of a power-on
password is that the computer will not boot to DOS until you supply the
correct password. This means that no one else can play around with your
computer and in the process accidentally infect it with a virus. |
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