LESSON 1

Grammar: Артикль
Дієслова: to be, to have
Зворот: there be
Reading: The Roots of English, World English
Speaking: Clifto

Grammar (block 1)

Articlesa, the

Перед кожним загальним іменником повинен стояти артикль.В англійській мові є 2 артиклі – означений(the)та неозначений(a).

Артикль не вживається, якщо перед іменником знаходиться присвійний чи вказівний займенник, інший іменник у присвійному відмінку, кількісний чи порядковий числівник, заперечення «no»(але не «not»).

Згадуючи предмет уперше, ми вживаємо перед ним неозначений артикльa. Згадуючи цей предмет удруге, ми ставимо перед ним означений артикльthe.

Example: This is a book. Thebookisinteresting.

Вживаємо означений артикль the, коли предмет є означеним за ситуацією:

Example: Tom sat down on a chair.Tom sat down on the chair nearest to the door.

Означений артикль вживається перед назвами рік, каналів, морів, заток, океанів. Але не вживається перед назвами озер (окрім множини), гір (окрім піків), островів, континентів, міст, країн.

Вживаємо означений артикльthe, коли з ситуації зрозуміло, про яку річ чи людину ми говоримо.

Example: Can you open the door, please?I took a taxi to the station.

Запам’ятати: Once a week
Three times a day
Fifty hryvnias a kilo
In the morning (evening)
In the middle
In the corner
To the right (left)

Не вживаємо артикль у словосполученнях:

Go (come)home
Leave home for work
On Sunday
At half past five
After work
Have breakfast (dinner, lunch)
For lunch
Watch TV

Text 1A
The Roots of English

English began as a West Germanic language which was brought to England by the Saxons around 400 AD. Old English was the spoken and written language of England between 400 and 1100 AD. Many words used today come from Old English, including man, woman, king, mother, give and wash. But Old English was very different from modern English and only a few words can be easily recognized. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded England, Old Norse words, e.g. Sky, lake, get and many place names, entered the language.

From the Norman Conquest (1066) until the late 12th century English, as the official language, was replaced by Norman French, though English was still used by the lower classes. English from about 1300 to 1500 is known as Middle English. It was influenced by French and also Latin in vocabulary and pronunciation. French brought many words connected with government, e.g. sovereign, royal, court, legal and government itself. Latin was the language of religion and learning and gave to English words such as minister, angel, school and grammar. Literature began to be written in English. One of the most famous Middle English works is Chaucer's The Canterbery Tales.

Modern English developed from the Middle English dialect. English changed a great deal from this time until the end of the 18th century. During the Renaissance, many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medicine and philosophy. They included physics, species, architecture, encyclopedia, hypothesis and others. In the 16th century several versions of the Bible helped bring written English to ordinary people. The Elizabethan period is also famous for its drama, and the plays of Marlow and Shakespeare were seen by many people.
World English

English is the most widely spoken language in the world. It is the first language or mother tongue of about 400 million people living in Britain, Ireland, the US, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa and it is spoken as a second language by another 300 million people. Many more people learn English as a foreign language.

English has achieved the status of a world language over a long period of time, and for various historical and cultural reasons. In the 17 century English was spread by the settlers going from Britain to America, and in the 18th and 19th centuries by the expansion of the British Empire. Many countries, which were part of the empire kept English as their official language after independence. More recently the military and political power of the US has contributed to the spread of English. Since the middle of the 20th century, English has been an official language of international organizations such as the United Nations.

Economic factors are also important. Britain and the US are both major business and financial centers, and many multinational corporations started in these countries. Elsewhere, knowledge of English is often seen as necessary for success in business.

Advances in technology and telecommunications have also helped to establish English as a global language. Now, major computer systems and software developers are based in the US, and English is common language of the Internet.

The status of English as a global language has unfortunately tended to mean that British and American people assume everyone speaks English, so they do not bother to learn foreign languages. However, better language teaching and awareness of the advantages of speaking another language are slowly changing the situation.
Завдання до тексту 1A.
Перекладіть рідною мовоюнижченаведені англійські словосполучення.
To enter the language, to bring many words, to connect with government, especially in science, several versions, ordinary people, mother tongue, foreign language, over a long period of time, more recently, since the Middle century, the United Nations, software developer.
Знайдіть в тексті англійські еквіваленти поданих нижче слів.

Версія, завойовувати, знання, заміняти, переваги, розповсюдження, на жаль, причина, поселенці, багатонаціональні, головний центр, прогрес, однак, повільно, різноманітний, незалежний, сприяти, універсальна мова, декілька слів, хоча, замінювати, особливо, широко.
Вставте в пропуски дані слова. Прочитайтетавідтворітьдіалоги.
Difficult         easy       English       heart     hard
A: I am studying ……now.
B: Really? They say it’s ….
A: I don’t think ….is…….
B: Why do you think so?
A: Because I have to work….learning a lot by……
B: I think you have good memory and it’s not a problem for you to do that.
A: In some way, yes but it’s a question of time.
B: Oh, we are always short of time.

Translate          dictionary      science         article
A: I’d like to have a good Ukrainian-English ……..on…….and technology. I have to……an……from Ukrainian into English.
B: Sorry, but we haven’t any.
A: It’s a pity! I must have this…..translated as quickly as possible.
B: I can recommend a general Ukrainian-English dictionary. At least it may be of some help.
A: Yes, I’ll take it, of course. It’s a pity that you have not a specialized…..
History          drawback        exams         worked           all right
A: So you’ve passed your…..
B: It wasn’t very difficult.
A: It’s because you……hard, I think.
B: Well, I was……in……, but I didn’t do so well in Literature.
A: And what about your English?
B: Not so good, only so-so.
A: It’s a pity. English is very important now.
B: I know, and I think I’ll do my best in future to remove this…..
Дайте відповіді на подані нижче  запитання.

1. What has recently contributed to the spread of the English Language?

2. What English is called Middle English?

3. What was Elizabethan period famous for?

4. Why is English often seen as necessary for success in business?

5. Why do American and British people assume everyone speaks English?

6. What languages was the English language influenced by?

7. What have also helped to establish English as global language?

8. Do you study a foreign language?

9. Do you speak English?

10. Do you have English lessons every day?

Text 1B
Knowing Foreign Languages

Knowledge of foreign languages helps to promote cultural, educational and technical cooperation among nations. That's why one of the characteristic features of life in our country today is a great interest in the study of foreign languages -chiefly English.

At present English is the most important of the world's languages. In the number of speakers it ranks second. The use of English in diplomacy, commerce and science is evidence of its importance. That's why many millions of people learn it as second language. The growth in political, scientific, economic, cultural and educational contacts with different countries has set the scene for a renewed interest in foreign languages studies.

The English language, like all languages, continues to grow. New words are added from the dialects and languages of different peoples, and especially from new developments in politics, science, sports, and all kinds of activities.Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing. It is a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and efforts. Nowadays it is especially important to know foreign languages. Some people learn languages, because they need them for their work, others travel abroad, for the third studying languages is a hobby.

Everyone, who knows foreign languages can speak to people from other countries, read foreign authors in the original, which makes your outlook wider. It is not surprising that many intellectuals and well-educated people are polyglots.

I study English. Nowadays English has become the world's most important language in politics, science, trade as well as culture relations. Over 300 million people speak it as a mother tongue. The native speakers of English live in the Great Britain, United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, the South Africa Republic and others. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations Organization and other political organizations. Half of the world's scientific literature is in English. It is the language of computer technology. To know English today is absolutely necessary for every educated man, for every good specialist. English language is a wonderful language. It is the language of the great literature. It is the language of William Shakespeare, Jonathan Swift, Walter Scott and Charles Dickens. The great German poet Goethe once said, «He, who knows no foreign language, does not know his own one» .

That is why in order to understand oneself and environment one has to study foreign languages.
Why learning foreign languages is so important

Modern life is impossible without communication. This communication is between people of one country and between people of different nations. So it is necessary to know at least one foreign language.

Besides, I think, that to achieve real success in life is impossible without speaking a foreign language. If you are a scientist you need it to read literature and to take part in conferences, if you want to be a good expert in any field you need a foreign language to receive new information in your field of activities. If you are a businessman you need a foreign language to do business with foreign partners.

Many people like to travel. A foreign language is necessary for traveling too. If you want to get education abroad you must know a foreign language too.

If you are fond of reading you can read interesting books in the original. If you are fond of music you can understand the words of songs. If you are an athlete you can communicate with the help of the foreign language during an international competition. If you want to find a job abroad you must know a foreign language too. So in any field of modern life it is necessary to know a foreign language.

We live in Europe. Europe is integrating now and it is very important for everybody to know at least one foreign language. English is one of the most popular foreign languages. It is the most spoken language in the world. I m glad that I know English a little and I plan to learn it better in future.

Завдання до тексту 1B.
Прочитайте речення та скажіть, які з них відповідають змістові тексту, а які─ ні. Виправтетакі.

1. Today is a great interest in the study of Spanish.

2. In the number of speakers English ranks the fifth.

3. The English language continues to grow.

4. New words are not added from the dialects.

5. Learning a foreign language is an easy thing.

6. Some people learn languages only for their work.

7. Over 30 million people speak English as a mother tongue.

8. The native speakers of English do not live in New Zealand.

9. All the world scientific literature is in English.

10. Modern life is possible without communication.

11. If you are a businessman you need a foreign language to do business with foreign partners.

Прочитайте текст і перекажіть його.

Speaking
Прочитайте діалог і вивчіть його напамять.
Clifton

• This is a scheme of Clifton.

• Is Clifton a big place?

• No, it isn’t. Clifton is the name of a little place in Scotland.

• Is it a nice place?

• Yes, it is. Clifton is on a hillside and it is close to a big lake.

• Is it a good place to live in?

• Yes, it is. The place is fine, indeed.

• Tell us about life in Clifton, please.

• The center of Clifton is the local clinic, the local school, the chemists shop, the cinema, six offices and five shops. Clifton people need a hospital.

• Tell us about Clifton people, please.

• I like Clifton people. Let’s meet a teacher of the local school. His name is Mike East.

• Is he still at school at the moment?

• I hope he is.

• Is it simple to get to the school?

• Yes, it is. Let’s take a bus to get to it.

• Is the bus-stop at this book-shop?

• No, it isn’t. The bus-stop is next to the local clinic. Look at this house, please. This is the local Clifton school. Let’s go into the house.

Exercise9. Згрупуйте нижченаведені слова за функціональною належністю: природа, людина та її професії, установи.
Shops, seas, cinemas, hospitals, seaside, doctors, lakes, teachers, office visitors, book-shops, chemists, chemists shop, shop-keepers, house-keepers.
  Exercise 10. Знайдіть в тексті англійські еквіваленти поданим нижче словосполученням:
Гарне містечко, важко добиратися до, біля книжкового магазину, сідати в автобус, щоб дістатися до, місцева клініка.

 

LESSON 2

Grammar                                    Simple Tenses (Active Voice)
Future (Be going to/will)
Types of questions
Reading                                      Visiting Britain
The Universities of London
Speaking                                     London

Grammar (block 1)
Simple Tenses
Групапростихчасів
Групапростихчасів Simple маєтричаси: теперішній (PresentSimple), минулий (Past Simple), майбутній (Future Simple).
PresentSimple
Простий теперішній час
PresentSimple (Простий тепе­рішній час) вживається, в основному, для вираження повторюваної дії, дії або ознаки, яка постійно характеризує предмет, загальновідомого факту. У Present Simple частовживаютьсяслова, яківказуютьнахарактердії: always, usually, sometimes, often, seldom, rarely, nev­er, in the afternoon, every day (week, year, month) тощо. Прислівникиalways, usually, often, seldom, rarely, never, зазвичай,ставлятьсяпередосновнимдієсловом, алепіслядієслова tobe абосап.
Example: Не always brushes his teeth after meals. She is often late for work.
ФормадієсловаPresentSimple збігаєтьсязформоюінфінітивабезчасткиto длявсіхосібічисел, крімтретьоїособиоднини. В цій формі до основи інфінітива додається закінчення -s.

I work	We work
You work	You work
Не works	They work
She works It works

Якщо дієслово в інфінітиві закінчується на -s, -ss, -ch, -х, -о, то до основи інфінітива в третій особі однини додається закінчення -es.Якщо дієслово закінчується на -у, а перед -у стоїть приголосний, то -у змінюється на -і й додається -es.
Example: I watch — he watches;I go — she goes;I study — he studies.
Заперечнатапитальнаформив Present Simple утворюютьсязадопомогоюдопоміжногодієслова do/don't і does/doesn't длятретьоїособиоднини.

Example: I don't like apples.Do you like apples?Не doesn't like apples. 

Does he like apples?

Форми дієслова у Present

Affirmative (Стверджувальна форма)	Negative (Заперечнаформа)		Interrogative (Питальна форма)
I work.	I do not work.	I don't work.	Do I work?
You work.	You do not work.	You don't work.	Do you work?
Не works.	He does not work.	He doesn't work.	Does he work?
She works.	She does not	She doesn't	Does she
	work.	work.	work?
It works.	It does not work.	It doesn't work.	Does it work?
We work.	We do not work.	We don't work.	Do we work?
You work.	You do not work.	You don't work.	Do you work?
They work.	They do not work.	They don't work.	Do they work?

Past Simple
Простий минулий час

PastSimple (Простий минулий час) вживається для вираження повторюваної дії або постійної оз­наки в минулому, одноразової дії в минулому, ланцюжка послідовних дій у минулому. Для зазначення минулого часу часто використовуються слова: yesterday,amonthago,lastnight,theotherdayтощо. Ці слова і є характерними дляPastSimple.

УтворенняPastSimpleзалежить від того, належить відповідне дієслово до групи «правильних» чи «неправильних» дієслів.Past Simple правильних дієслів утворюється за допомогою закінчення -ed, що додається до основи інфінітива.

Example: То work — he worked.
Якщо дієслово закінчується на -у після приголосного, то -у змінюється на -і й додається закінчення -ed.

Example: То study — he studied.
Якщо дієслово закінчується на одиничний приголосний, якому передує короткий голосний, то кінцевий приголосний подвоюється.

Example: Тоstop —hestopped.
PastSimple неправильнихдієслівутворюєтьсяінакше (див. додаток «Таблицянеправильнихдієслів»). Неправильнідієсловапотрібнозапам'ятативідразувусіхформах.
ЗаперечнаформаPastSimple утворюєтьсязадопомогоюдопоміжногодієсловаtodo уформіdid,післяякогойдечастка not.Основне дієслово при цьому вживається у формі інфінітива без частки to.

Example: I did not (didn't) ask him.
Питальна форма Past Simple утворюється також за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to do у формі did, яке ставиться перед підметом.

Example: Did the class begin on time? Yes, it did.
Формидієсловау past simple

Affirmative (Стверджувальна форма)	Negative (Заперечна форма)		Interrogative (Питальна форма)
I worked.	I did not work.	I didn't work.	Did I work?
You worked.	You did not work.	You didn't work.	Did you work?
Не worked.	He did not work.	He didn't work.	Did he work?
She worked.	She did not work.	She didn't work.	Did she work?
It worked.	It did not work.	It didn't work.	Did it work?
We worked.	We did not work.	We didn't work.	Did we work?
You worked.	You did not work.	You didn't work.	Did you work?
They worked.	They did not work.	They didn't work.	Did they work?

Grammar (block 2)
Future Simple
Простий майбутній час

FutureSimple (Простий майбутній час) вживається для вираження повторюваної дії або постійної оз­наки предмета в майбутньому, ланцюжка послідовних дій у майбутньому, одноразової дії в майбутньому, наміру чи рішення (особливо прийнятих миттєво), які стосуються майбутніх дій, пропозицій, обіцянок, сподівань, побоювань, погроз, застережень, передбачень, коментарів, запрошень тощо (особливо зі словами expect, hope, believe, I'msure, I'mafraid, probably, etc.), дій, які (не) можуть відбутися в майбутньому, дій, які ми не можемо контролювати, але які точно відбудуться.

Для зазначення дії в майбутньому часто використовуються такі характерні слова: tomorrow, nextyear/month/week, intwodays (через два дні), oneofthesedays (цими днями) та ін.
FutureSimple утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова will перед дієсловом-присудком.

Example: Не will go and shut the door.
Допоміжне дієслово will використовується для всіх осіб і чисел. Shall вживається у питальних реченнях для першої особи (Shall І...? Shall we...?), коли просять дати пораду, вказівку або питають дозволу.

Example: Shall I open the window?Shall we go?
У заперечному реченні після допоміжного дієслова ставиться заперечна частка not: willnot ─ won't.
В англійській мові майбутній час не вживається в підрядних реченнях часу і умови, а натомість використовують PresentSimple.

Example: I’ll be here till you come.
Формидієсловау future simple

Affirmative (Стверджувальна форма)	Negative (Заперечна форма)		Interrogative (Питальна форма)
I will work.	I will not work.	I won't work.	Shall/will I work?
You will work.	You will not work.	You won't work.	Will you work?
He will work.	He will not work.	He won't work.	Will he work?
She will work.	She will not work.	She won't work.	Will she work?
It will work.	It will not work.	It won't work.	Will it work?
We will work.	We will not work.	We won't work.	Shall/will we work?
You will work.	You will not work.	You won't work.	Will you work?
They will work.	They will not	They won't	Will they work?
	work.	work.

Проте в англійській мові існують інші способи вираження майбутнього часу. Дію в майбутньому часто виражають за допомогою конструкції be going to do smth. Конструкцією begoingtodosmth позначають:

• намір здійснити дію в ближчому майбутньому, україн­ською ця конструкція перекладається «збиратися щось робити»:

Example:I'm going to read this book;

• ймовірну дію в майбутньому:      

Example:Look at the clouds! It's going to rain!

• заплановану дію в ближчому майбутньому: 

Example:She is to be married next month.

Present Continuous виражає заплановану дію в майбутньому, в основному, з дієсловами (arrive, come, go, leave, travel, etc):

Example:He's arriving tomorrow morning on the 15.30 train.
Present Simple виражає заплановану дію в майбутньому у відповідності з розкладом:

Example:The bus leaves at 12.00.
В англійській мові майбутня дія, що розглядається з точки зору якогось минулого моменту, виражається окремою формою дієслова, яка зветься Future Simple-in-the-Past.

Example:In his letter Peter wrotethat he would go to Warsaw in January.

Exercise 1. Утворіть  питальну та заперечну форму речень.
1. You know the answer. 2. He has breakfast at 8.00. 3. He loves her. 4. She refuses to discuss it.5. He trusts you.6. He tries hard.7. The park closes at dusk.8. He misses his mother.9. The children like sweets.10. He finishes work at 6.00.11. He lives beside the sea.12. He bullies his sisters.13. This stove heats the water.14. She has a cooked breakfast.15. She carries a sleeping bag.16. He usually believes you.

Exercise 2. Доповніть речення дієсловами в дужках, поставивши їх у PastSimple, перетворіть ці речення в питальні та заперечні.

1. They (begin) to work in June.

2. She (tell) us about it some days ago.

3. Tom(finish) the secondary school in May. 4. Mary (sell) her home last week.

5. He(invest) ten thousand dollars in the company in 2013.

6. Columbus (discover)America in 1492.

7. He (be) seventeen years old last month.

8. The students (understand) the rule very well.

9. They lost their way because it (be) dark.

10. My wife (see) your cousin in Kyiv..

Exercise 3.Вставтеwill or be going to.

1.

A: Have you decided where you're going foryour holidays?

B: Yes, I ................... tour Spain.

2. A: We've almost run out of petrol.

B: Don't worry. We ................ get someon the way home.

3.

A: Does your tooth hurt a lot?

B: Yes, I ................ see the dentisttomorrow.

4.

A: Did you buy any stamps?

B: I forgot to, but I ................ get somenow if you like.

5.

A: Have you heard about Sharon?

B: Yes. She ................ have a baby.

6.

A: When did you last speak to Susan?

B: Oh, weeks ago, but I ................ meether tonight.
7.

A: Your car is very dirty.

B: I know. My son ................ wash it thisafternoon.
8.

A: Do you know what the weather forecast is fortomorrow?

B: No, but I expect it ................ bewarmer than today.
9.

A: Shall we go out tonight?

B: Sorry! I ............... eat at the Chineserestaurant with Paul.
10.

A: What do you want to eat?

B: I ................ have a hamburger andsome chips, please.

Exercise 4. Поставтеподаніреченняв Future Simple.
1. I spend my summer holidays in the country.2. Our engineer left for Kyiv on Monday.3. She agrees with him.4. My brother is a driver.5. Her husband worked at the factory.6. They found each other at this crowded airport.7. Peter helps my wife and me with our tax returns.8. Virginia doesn’t have enough information.9. She borrowed my key to get into the apartment.

Exercise 5. З’єднайтеречення. Виразітьмайбутнюдіювреченняхчасутаумови, використовуючи Present Simple.
1. Air will circulate better. You will open the door (if). 2. Dad will buy a new car. We’ll go to the sea-side by car next summer (if).3. I’ll send you a message. I’ll arrive in Paris (as soon as).4. Mary will stay with our daughter. We’ll be at the theatre (while).5. She’ll loork after him. He’ll be well again (till).6. I’ll see my brother. I’ll go to Tripoli (if).7. We’ll discuss it with Den. He’ll come to see us (when).8. I’ll stay in Kyiv. I’ll finish my business there (till).9. You’ll be late. I’ll walk your dog (if).10. You won’t wake me up. I’ll miss the train (if).

Exercise 6.Виберітьпотрібнузаперечнуформудлядієслова, перетворивширеченнявзаперечні.
А — wasn't; В — weren't; С — doesn't; D —didn't; Е — won't.
1. The train often (arrive) in time.2. Yesterday he (run) very quickly.3. There (be) too many people at the conference tomorrow.4. I (see) her any more.5. She is very tired and (look) well.6. She (listen) to him if he gives her any advice.7. Pete (be) at the lessons yesterday.8. Mike is busy and (go) for a walk in the evening.9. I (borrow) any books from the library, I have them at home.10. They (go) to London next summer.11. Den (know) anything about that man.

Exercise 7. Виберітьправильнуформудієсловав Present, Past або Future Simple.
1. We _____ anything because we ______ hungry.
A don’t eat / wasn’t             B didn’t eat / weren’t               C not eat / not be
2. Professor Stone _____ few chairs in his office because he ____ room for many.
A don’t keep / not have       B doesn’t keep / doesn’t have
3. What ______ your parents’ address?
A is                                      B are
4. He _____ how to use the card catalog in the library.
A don’t know                      B doesn’t know
5. Happiness ________ different things to different people.
A means                              B mean
6. Water ______ at 100 degrees Centigrade.
A is boiled                           B boil C boils
7. The men______ as hungry as hunters.
A were                                 B was
8. If Maria ______ him, she will be unhappy.
A marry                               B marries                                   C will marry
9. I ______ not see Andrew yesterday.
A did                                    B Do                                          C am.
10. When _______ in Poland?
A was you                            B were you                                C did you be

Exercise 7. Розкрийтедужки, вживаючидієсловау Present Simple, Past Simple або Future Simple.
1. I (to go) to bed at eleven o'clock every day. 2. I (to go) to bed at twelve o'clock yesterday. 3. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock tomorrow. 4. I (not to go) to the cinema every day. 5. I (not to go) to the cinema yesterday. 6. I (not to go) to the cinema tomorrow. 7. You (to watch) TV every day? 8. You (to TV yesterday? 9. You (to watch) TV tomorrow? 10. When you (to leave) home for work every day? 11. When you (to leave) home for work yesterday? 12. When you (to leave) home for work tomorrow? 13. My brother (to go) to work every day. He (to leave) home at a quarter past eight. As the office he (to work) at (to be) near our house, he (to walk) there. He (not to take) a bus. Yesterday he (not to go) to work. Yesterday he (to get) up at nine o'clock.

Grammar (block 3)
Types of questions
Типипитальних речень

В англійській мові існує п’ять типів питань (questions): загальні, спеціальні, спеціальні до підмета, альтернативні тарозділові.

Для побудови усіх типів питань існує певна закономірність. Насамперед необхідно добре засвоїти загальне питання, яке фактично модифікується в решті питань.

Спеціальні питання (special questions) – починаються питальними словами:Where?What?Which?When?Whose?Why?How?How much?
How many? Вони базуються на загальному питанні без того члена речення, до якого ставиться питання.

Example:Where does your friend study?When do you get up?
Спеціальні питання до підмета або його означення (thequestiontothesubject). Як видно з самої назви питання, задають його до одного з головних членів речення, а саме: до підмета. Отже, у питанніпідмет буде відсутній, а його місце займе одне з двох питальних слів «who?» або«what?». При утворенні питання до підмета в англійській мові  не потрібно міняти порядок слів у реченні. Необхідно лише пам’ятати, що в теперішньому часі дієслово в реченні буде мати форму третьої особи однини.

Example:
Who saw an accident? – Хто бачив аварію?
Who writes a lot of articles? – Хто пише багато статей?
Питання до означення підмета в англійській мові також будується за таким же принципом. У цьому випадку нам необхідні такі питальні слова: what – який, which – який, whose – чий, howmuch / howmany – скільки.Відповідь на питання до підмета в англійській мові досить коротка:

Example:What scaried you? – A ghost did. (Що тебе налякало? – Привид).
Загальні питання (generalquestions) – це такі питання, які починаються з допоміжних або модальних дієслів, а також смислових дієслів tobe, tohave.

ДОПОМІЖНЕ ДІЄСЛОВО	ПІДМЕТ	ПРИСУДОК	ІНШІЧЛЕНИ РЕЧЕННЯ
Do	you	study	at private school?
Does	your friend	wear	jeans?
Did	you	study	well?
Did	your parents	visit	Granny last week?
Can	you	describe	the weather in Ukraine?
Will	his sister	study	at the University?
Are	You	going	to school now?

                                                

Заперечна форма загального питання утворюється за допомогою заперечної частки not, яка ставиться перед смисловим дієсловом або зливається з допоміжним дієсловом:

Example:Don’t your parents live in a town? No, they don’t.
Альтернативні питання (alternative questions) передбачають вибір із двох речей, осіб, дій та ін. Їх можна поставити до будь-якого члена речення. В основі лежить загальне питання:

Example:Did your friends study in Ukraine or in Britain?
Розділові питання (disjunctive questions) мають дві частини – перша, стверджувальна або заперечна, з прямим порядком слів, а друга – коротке заперечне загальне питання, якщо перша частина стверджувальна, і навпаки, коротке стверджувальне загальне питання, якщо перша частина  заперечна:

Example:Yesterday my friends bought two magazines, didn’t they?Yesterday my friends didn’t buy two magazines, did they?
Якщо речення містить слова neither, no, none, noone, nobody, nothing, scarcely, barely, hardlyever, seldom і т. п.,

ЗАПАМ’ЯТАЙТЕ, що таке речення є заперечним, тому «tag»  буде стверджувальним. Сам «tag» являє собою допоміжне дієслово і підмет у вигляді особового займенника.
При утворенні розділових питань в англійській мові є свої маленькі винятки.

• Якщо в реченні підмет і присудок «Iam», то «tag» — «aren’tI».

• Якщо підмет виражено словами anyone, everybody, somebody і т. д., то «tag» — «they».

• У реченні, яке починається зі спонукання «let’s (letus)», «tag» — «shallwe?».

• У реченні, що виражає прохання, наказ, розпорядження, «tag» – «willyou, won’tyou, canyou, couldyou».

Example:
Please, shutthedoor, willyou? – Будь ласка, закрий двері, добре?
Payattention, wouldyou? – Будь уважний, добре?
Don’t be late, will you? – Неспізнюйся, добре?

• Таке ж коротке питання буде і в реченнях з конструкціями «letme» і «lethim/her».

Example: Letmestandup, willyou? – Давайте я постою, добре?
Exercise 1. Виберіть правильний варіант та утворіть розділові запитання.
1. He likes reading, ... (does he?/is he?/isn't he?/doesn't he?). 2. They aren't hungry,... (are they?/aren't they?/don't they?/do they?). 3. You can't speak English,... (can't you?/can you?/are you?/don't you?). 4. She has already cleaned her shoes,... (doesn't she?/didn't she?/has she?/hasn't she?). 5. You are cold, ... (aren't you?/don't you?/do you?/are you?). 6. It was a nice day, ... (isn't it?/was it?/didn't it?/wasn't it?). 7. You won't go to work tomorrow, ... (don't you?/won't you?/aren't you?/will you?)

Exercise 2. Утворіть розділові запитання.
1. It is raining,...? 2. That little boy didn't break the window yesterday, ...? 3. He lives in London, ...? 4. Tim won't come back tomorrow, ...? 5. We’ll do that, ...?
6. The clock is working, ...? 7. They are on holiday,...? 8. She helped you with the problem,...?

Exercise 3. Доповніть розділові запитання.
Tania: ... and the animal rights group I'm in is holding a demonstration outside one of the research laboratories.
Brett: Do you think that's really necessary? I mean, there's a need for these experiments, …? Let's consider the advantages of these experiments, …? Scientists must test new medical treatment somehow, …? With these tests they can see how effective and safe the treatments are. Everyone wants new vaccines and safer drugs, …?
Tania: I see your point, but scientists don't really care about the animals, …? Are you aware that thousands of animals die every year as a result of these experiments? Scientists should find another way of testing their discoveries, …?

Exercise 4. Використайте слова в дужках, щоб побудувати заперечну форму загального питання.
1. «Last year the students organised a bazaar to raise money for the hospital. …? (it/be/a great idea)» — «Yes, I think they should do it again». 2. «I bought a new jacket today but the sleeve is torn!» — «…? (you/should/take/itlback)» — «Yes, I will. I'll ask for another one». 3. « …? (the Town Hall/be/just around the corner)» — «Yes, that's right». 4. «You've ruined my jumper by spilling coffee on it and last week you spilt bleach on my jeans. …? (you/can/do/anything right)». 5. «You haven't bought any bread». — «…? (you/go/to the baker's)» — «No, I went to the supermarket but completely forgot to get some bread».

Exercise 5. Доповніть альтернативні запитання.
1. Do you like roses or...?  2. Were you at the theatre or... yesterday? 3. Can you speak English or...? 4. Did they buy peaches or...? 5. Was it cold or... in the morning? 6. Is she seventeen or... years old? 7. Are you a doctor or...? 8. Is she your aunt or your...?

Exercise 6. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
1. The red jumper suits you better than the blue one. 2. I'm afraid not. The basketball player didn't sign the contract. 3. The price includes two meals at the hotel restaurant, so it's convenient. 4. She felt embarrassed when she fell, as most of her guests were around. 5. Yes, the library opens at 9:00 a.m. every weekday. 6. Professor Bums will give his lecture at the Palace Hotel. 7. I'm buying a computer because I need it for my job. 8. Paula persuaded Jane to give up smoking. Isn't it great? 9. My new house is big and has a garden at the front. 10. I suppose you can go to the beach with your friends.

Exercise7.За допомогою даних слів перефразуйте запитання, не змінюючи їх змісту.
1. What was the price of the ticket?
pay How ___________________________________ ticket?
2. Whose car is this?
belong Who __________________________________ to?
3. The film was interesting, wasn't it?
boring The film __________________________________ it?
4. How did the fire start, sir?
explain Could you ______________________________ sir?
5. Mr Wesley, what caused you to resign so suddenly?
why Mr Wesley, _____________________________so suddenly?
6. Can you tell me Tom's address, Kelly?
lives Can you tell me ______________________________, Kelly?

Reading

Word and word-combinations

Text 2A
Visiting Britain

Today we are going to have a heart-to-heart talk on the ways to enjoy your stay abroad in general and in Britain, in particular. When you arrive in a country, which you don’t know well, you may feel quite lonely. If you are going to stay in the country for a long time, it is quite important for you to make friends there, but most often it’s really difficult for a foreigner to make friends abroad. So, perhaps, the best thing for you to do is to make a company of people who are foreigners like you and who have interests in common with you.

Last year we had a fine example of such a company in our college. We, all of us, called this company «Good Companions», or «Three Men in a Boat», or else «the three H’s» .These men were Mr. Hans Wolf, Mr. Hank Jensen and Mr. Hanslic Kristensen. Today, they themselves are going to tell you of the way they came to the idea of living together. Please, listen to what they say!

Hans Wolf: Good afternoon, Ladies and Gentlemen! I’m German, I come from Germany. I’m a journalist. My family lives in Berlin. Last year I really stayed in England for a rather long period of time. I was taking a course in English there. The idea of making a company came to me and to my companions for several reasons and perhaps our philosophy of mind.

First, we came to Britain from neighboring countries: Germany, Holland (or the Netherlands) and Denmark and we immediately decided to live in peace. Second, we had common interests and, from the point of common sense, we decided to keep together. Third, we, all of us, were not wealthy enough to stay at a good hotel, but we weren’t poor enough to rent a room in a dwelling house. Fourth, all of us felt like living at home. We missed our families and wanted to feel a bit at home in that country as well. Fifth, each of us thought that he was a «VIP» (very important person) and as such he must have a guard of his own and still better two guards. So, each of us made a vow to be a guard for the two others, to be friendly and respect the interests of the two others. As a result, we rented a nice house from an English family in the country. The house was about ten miles away from London. It wasn’t big, however, it had a sitting-room, a dining-room and a kitchen on the ground floor and three bedrooms and a bathroom on the first floor. As to me, I was quite satisfied with my partners. We certainly had some arguments but they were not important. We supported each other. We really respected each other. Yet let’s listen to what the other partners can say about it.

Hank: Well, L.&G.! I can only agree with every point of Han’s talk. I was lucky to stay with Hans and Hanslic in a house of our own. But first, let me introduce myself to you. I’m a Dutchman. My family lives in Holland in Hague. I’m a researcher and a post-graduate student at Hague University. I do research in the field of electronics. When I came to London with its heavy traffic and noise, the idea to live in a nice house in the country was certainly very attractive. I liked the place we lived in. it was very quiet. We, however, had lots of problems and troubles with the house. We did all the household work by ourselves: cooking, cleaning, washing up, shopping. Nobody wanted to do washing up. So we cast lots. My unlucky lot was certainly to do washing up. Hans was a lucky man. His lot was to do the shopping. As to Hanslic, he is going to tell you about his poor lot himself, I think.

Hanslic: Dear L.&G.!

Let me say about myself, first. I come from Denmark. I’m a Dane and we speak Danish in my country. As to my «bad lot», I didn’t mind cooking. I think I was a good cook. Everything I cooked my dear fellows ate very well. They were big eaters, too. I could never cook enough food to feed them. They always had big appetites. Here, at home, I certainly not a cook. I’m the manager of a little restaurant. I’m not a race-driver either. My car driving was good. My companions were happy when I was driving the car. As to unparliamentary language, it was certainly a joke. My companions behaved gentlemen. They always had good manners.

I cordially invite my companions and you, L.& G., to an afternoon tea-party at my restaurant next Saturday. Well, L.& G., are you going to participate in the afternoon tea-party? As to me, I’m certainly going to take part in it.

Завдання до тексту 2А.
Випишіть з тексту англійські еквіваленти нижченаведенихукраїнських словосполучень.
Щира (відверта) розмова, зокрема, набути друзів, мати спільні інтереси, країни-сусіди, з точки зору, здоровий глузд, недостатньо багаті, щоб.., ми сумуємо за.., а ще краще, дати обіцянку, ми кинули жереб, моя нещаслива доля, щасливець, я нічого не маю проти того, щоб…
Заповніть пропуски словами, які відповідають змісту тексту.
1. By their nationality Hans is a …, Hank is a … and Hanslic is a…. 2.Accordingly, Hans lives in …, Hank in … and Hanslic in …. 3. By their profession Hans is a …., Hank is a …, Hanslic is the …. 4. The three men were not … enough to stay in a hotel and were not … enough to rent a room in a … 5. Hank’s lot was to … the dishes. 6. Hanslic’s lot was to … 7. They rent a car from a ….
Погодьтеся з даними реченнями чи виправте їх, вживаючи відповідні мовленнєві зразки.

• Yes, that’s (quite) right. Sorry, it isn’t right. It’s perfectly correct.  I’m afraid it’s wrong. Quite right. I don’t think so. Yes, I agree with you. I’m not sure. Exactly so. It isn’t so.

1. Іt is not important to make friends abroad. 2. The company is called «Three Men in a Train». 3. Hans Wolf is a Dutchman. 4. Hans is a journalist and a researcher. 5. Hans’s family lives in  Hague. 6. Hank Jensen does research in the field of physics. 7. They were taking a course in mathematics in London. 8. They are wealthy to stay at a good hotel. 9. Jensen had a guard and a driver. 10. They respected the interests of each other. 11. Hank lived on the third floor. 12. Hanslic is a cook and a post-graduate.

Дайте відповіді на питання.
1. Did the three men happen to stay in Britain for a short or for a long period of time? 2. Which countries did they come from? 3. Why did they decide to rent a house for their use? 4. Did they feel homesick in the country? 5. Why did they decide against staying in a hotel? 6. Why did they not want to rent rooms in a dwelling house in London? 7. Where was the house they rented? 8. How did they get to college? 9. Did they buy a car for their use? 10. Was the house very big? 11. How many rooms were there in the house? 12. Who did all the household work? 13. How did they define everybody’s duties? 14. Whose duty was it to do washing up? 15. Did Hank enjoy fast driving? 16. Who cooked the food? 17. What did Hanslic say about his friends’ appetites? 18. Did you ever share a room or a house with your friends? 19. What do you think of sharing a house? 20. Would you like to go to Britain to take a course in English?

Text 2B
The Universities of London

London is the largest city in Europe, stretching almost 30 miles. Enjoy some of the world’s finest museums, galleries, parks, concerts, theatres and restaurants all set within the rich historical setting that is London.
With a population of just under eight million, London is Europe’s largest city, spreading across an area of more than 620 square miles from its core on the river Thames. Ethnically it’s also Europe’s most diverse metropolis: around two hundred languages are spoken within its confines, and more than thirty per cent of the population is made up of first, second- and third-generation immigrants.

Home to a range of universities, colleges and schools, London has a student population of about 378,000 and is a centre of research and development. Most primary and secondary schools in London follow the same system as the rest of England – comprehensive schooling.

With 125,000 students, the University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the United Kingdom and in Europe. It comprises 20 colleges as well as several smaller institutes, each with a high degree of autonomy. Constituent colleges have their own admission procedures, and are effectively universities in their own right, although most degrees are awarded by the University of London rather than the individual colleges. Its constituents include multi-disciplinary colleges such as UCL, King’s, Royal Holloway and more specialized institutions such as the London School of Economics, the Royal Academy of Music, the Courtauld Institute of Art and the Institute of Education.

Imperial College London and University College London have been ranked among the top ten universities in the world by the Times Higher Education Supplement: in 2008 Imperial was ranked the 6th best and UCL the 7th best university in the world. In addition, the LSE is the world’s leading social science institution for teaching and research, plus has the most international student body of any university in the world today.

London’s other universities, such as Brunel University, City University, London Metropolitan University, Middlesex University, University of East London, University of the Arts London are not part of the University of London but are still leaders in their field and popular choices among students both nationally and internationally. Some were polytechnics until these were granted university status in 1992, and others which were founded much earlier. Imperial College London left the University of London in 2007. London is also known globally for its business education, with the London Business School (ranked 1st in Europe – Business Week) and Cass Business School (Europe’s largest finance school) both being top worldrated business schools. In addition there are three international universities: Schiller International University, Richmond University and Regent’s College.

Завдання до тексту2В.
Знайдіть правильні відповіді на запитання.
1. London…
A stretches almost 13 miles.
B has a population of just over eight million.
C is Europe’s largest city.
D stands on the river Severn.
2. What is the largest contact teaching university in the United Kingdom and in Europe?
A  University of London
B  Courtauld Institute of Art.
C  University of the Arts London.
D  University of East London.
3. How are degrees at the University of London generally awarded?
A  By the individual colleges.
B  By the separate institutions of the University.
C  By the University of London.
D  By the Mayor of London.
4. What is Imperial College London famous for?
A  It’s the leading social science institution.
B  It has the most international student body in the world?
C  It was ranked the 7th best university in the world.
D  It was ranked the 6th best University in the world.
5. Which of the following London Universities is Europe’s largest finance school?
A  London Business School.
B  Cass Business School.
C   Schiller International University.
D  Regent’s College.
6. Which of the following London Universities is International?
A  Brunel University.
B  Courtauld Institute of Art.
C  Richmond University.
D  University of East London.

Speaking
Прочитайте діалог і вивчіть його напам’ять.

 

London

– London, the capital of Great Britain, is one of the largest cities in the world. Do you know that?

– Of course. I’ve read that one fifth of England’s population is concentrated in London.

– That’s true. The population of London is over nine million people. There are many places of interest there.

– What do you advise me to see if I go to London for the first time?

– The Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey and Buckingham Palace are a must. People who come to London usually begin sightseeing with those places.

– Buckingham Palace is the residence of the Queen, is it so?

– Certainly. You will have a chance of watching a very old ceremony –   Changing of the Guard.

– Does it take place in front of Buckingham Palace every day?

– Of course. If you are keen on ancient architecture, you should see Paul’s Cathedral and the Tower.

– They are in the center of London, aren’t they?

– Yes, they are. The Tower of London guarded the entry to London from the North Sea for many centuries.

– Is Hyde Park a must for the tourists?

– Yes, it is. Hyde Park is the place where mass meetings and demonstrations are held. You should also go to the British Museum which has a very large library.

– Thank you for the information.

 

LESSON 3

 

Grammar                                       Pronouns
Nouns
Singular and Plural
Reading                                         Higher Education in Ukraine
The University of London
Speaking                                        Looking for a new apartment

 

Grammar (block 1)
Pronouns
Займенники

• Personal Pronouns (Особові займенники)

	Subject Pronouns Суб'єктні займенники		Object Pronouns Об'єктні займенинки
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person	I	we	me	us
2nd person	you	you	you	you
3rd person	He She it	they	him her it	them

                        

Особові займенники вживаються для заміни іменників, коли відомо про кого чи про що йде мова:

• Суб'єктні займенникивживаються як підмети:

Example: Where is Simon? – He is in the kitchen.

• Об'єктні займенникивживаються як додатки:

Verb + object pronoun

Preposition + object pronoun

Example: Help me. I’ve written to her. I like him. Look at them. Can you see it?

• Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns (Присвійні прикметники та займенники)

	Possessive adjectives Присвійні прикметники		Possessive Pronouns Присвійні займенники
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person	my	our	mine	Ours
2nd person	your	your	yours	yours
3rd person	His Her its	their	His Hers -	theirs

Присвійні прикметники вживаються перед іменниками для вираження, кому належить іменник.

Присвійні займенники вживаються без іменника, коли іменник лише мається на увазі.

Example:«Is this Peter's book?» – «No, it's mine».3. Reflexive Pronouns.  (Зворотні займенники).       

	Singular	Plural
1st person	I – myself	We – ourselves
2nd person	You - yourself	You – yourselves
3rd person	He – himself She – herself It – itself	They – themselves

Example: I burnt myself cooking dinner.

Note! enjoy yourself – добре проводити час
help yourself – пригощатися (чимось)

Exercise 1. Виберіть правильний варіант займенника.
1. I phoned Sarah last night and gave she/her the message. 2. My brother is older than I/me, but he/him isn’t as tall as I/me am. 3. «Have you seen Peter today?» – «Yes, I/me saw he/him this morning. He/Him was going to the swimming pool».
4. «What did those people want?» – «They/them asked I/me to help they/them».
5. Sydney is famous for it/his/its opera house. 6. I’m sorry I didn’t telephone you. I lost you/your/yourself telephone number. 7. Did you enjoy you/your holiday?

Exercise 2. Заповніть пропуски займенниками.

I  you  he  she  it  we  they me  you  him  her  it  us  them

1. Where are my keys? I put … on the table a moment ago, but now…have disappeared. 2. If you have any problems, just tell someone and … will help you. 3. «What did you think of the film, Simon?» – «…enjoyed … very much». 4. How far is … from Madrid to Paris? 5. «What does the government plan to do about education?» 6. … aren’t allowed to drive a car in Britain until …'re 17 years old. 7. Peter and I are going out this evening. …'re going to cinema. Would you like to come with …?

Exercise 3. Виберіть правильний варіант займенника.
1. We know their/theirs telephone number, but they don’t know our/ours. 2. My/mine car wasn’t as expensive as her/hers. 3. «How are your/yours children?» – «Fine, thanks. How are your/yours?» 4. Maria has got her/hers suitcase, but her/hers friends haven’t got their/theirs. 5. Our/ours flat isn’t as big as their/theirs, but our/ours is much more comfortable.

Exercise 4. Звповніть пропуски відповідною формою займенника або прикметника.

Example: Why didn’t she ask us to help her? (she)
1. …house is much bigger than … (they/we). 2. Is this book … or … ? (you/I) 3. «Is Jack going on holiday with … friend?» – «No, …'s going by …». (she/she/she) 4. How long have … been waiting for …? (they/we). 5. … was very angry with … for being so stupid. (I/I) 6. Someone came to see … while …  were out. … told … that … would be back at 2 o'clock . (you/you/I/they/you) 7. «Who painted … flat?» – «Nobody. … painted it …». (you/we/we) …'s a coincidence that … birthday is on the same day as …. (it/he/her).

Grammar (block 2)
Singular and Plural of Nouns
(Однина та множина іменників)

Більшість іменників утворює множину додаванням -s до форми однини (abook – books, agirl – girls). Закінчення -es додається, якщо слово в однині закінчується на -ch, -sh, -s або  -x  (achurch – churches, abox – boxes). Деякі іменники, що закінчуються на -о (tomato, potato, hero) в множині приймають закінчення -es (tomato – tomatoes, hero – heroes).

До інших іменників, що закінчуються на -о, додається закінчення -s (radio – radios, piano – pianos). Іменники, що закінчуються на -y, змінюють -y  на -і та до них додається закінчення -es  (afactory – factories).

NOTE!Ці іменники завжди вжиаються  в однині: furniture, money, food, news, advice, knowledge, fruit(s), twilight, information, chalk, progress, measles, politics, courage, cloth, economics, athletics, physics, gymnastics, hair, rice, margin, macaroni, equipment, linguistics, phonetics, fish(es).

NOTE! Ці іменники завжди вживаються в множині: belongings, goods, grapes, trousers, police, jeans, scales, tweezers, mass media, oats, remains, reins, scissors, wages, contents, pajamas, tongs, people, tights, spectacles/glasses, breeches, pants, pliers, outskirts, suburbs, arms, proceeds, binoculars, earnings, stairs, steps, riches.

NOTE!  Деякі іменники мають однакову форму в однині і в множині: fish, sheep, deer, means, trout, salmon, species, series, headquarters.

Irregularplurals
(Неправильні форми утворення множини іменників)

Text 3A
Higher Education in Ukraine

Higher education plays an important part in the life of any country as it provides the country with highly-qualified specialists for future development and progress. It trains people to become teachers, engineers, doctors and other professional workers. In all the industrial countries standards of living are steadily changing; this means that the kind of education, which was good enough thirty years ago, is not necessarily good for them today. The serious need to find ways and means of ensuring continuous and thorough adoption of the universities to contemporary needs in our rapidly changing world is widely recognized. And this means that styles of teaching, quality of learning materials and organization of the university itself have to be continuously brought up to date  and improved.

Besides, knowledge and information which come through the mass media must also be taken into consideration. This informa­tion explosion has affected every field of study, especially, of course, in the natural and applied sciences and in all other sciences as well. The increase of information requires new methods and new approaches to students' training and instruction. At present a new system of education is introduced in this country — a distance education system. This computer system of learning helps working professionals to continue their education while remaining at their jobs. This system enables people to get knowledge and a good foundation in the sciences basic to his or her field of study. Distance learning has developed over years from satellite video courses to modern videoconferencing through per­sonal computers.

The academic year usually lasts 9 months and is divided into two terms (semesters). The first- and second-year students obtain thorough instructions in the fundamental sciences of mathematics, physics, chemistry and drawing as well as computer engineering and a number of others. The curricula are enriched and broadened by instructions in such subjects as foreign languages, history and economics.

At the third year students get more advanced knowledge and begin to concentrate on their special interests, so to say, their «ma­jor» subject and take many courses in this subject. Specialized study and courses will help students to become specialists and prepare them for their future work. After four years students will get a bachelor's degree. Then the students may go on with their studies and in a year or two of further study and research get a master's degree. After graduating from the university they may go on with their study and research and may get a still higher degree.

About 75 percent of students receive state grants. Universities have their own students' hostels and some of them have large and excellent sport centers. Education is a process through which culture is preserved, knowledge and skills are developed, values are formed, and infor­mation is exchanged. Education is the way to success.

Завдання до тексту 3A.

Перекладіть  англійською мовою подані нижче словосполучення.
Бути  достатньо добрим,  широко визнавати, також, дистанційна освіта, давати можливість людям, супутні  курси, навчальний рік, студент третього курсу, програма навчання, такі  предмети, розвивати знання та навички, формувати цінності, обмінюватися інформацією, отримати ступінь бакалавра, через  рік.

Закінчіть речення.
1. Students receive s…. g…..  . 2. S………. s…. helps students to become specialists. 3. The academic year is divided into t…  t…  . 4. Then the students may get a m…… d…..in a year or two. 5. The second –year students obtain   t… i... in the fundamental sciences.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.
1. What does the higher education provide? 2. Why is it necessary to find new ways of teaching? 3. What does the increase of information require? 4. What is the distance learning? 5. Does the academic year last 10 months? 6. What subjects do the students study in the first year? 7. Will students get a master’s degree after four years of study? 8. How many students receive state grants? 9. Are there any sport centers at the Universities? 10. What subjects do you study in the first year? 11. Do you pay for your education? 12. Do you get grants?

 

Text 3B
The University of London

The University of London is a federation of some forty-four schools and institutes, which together register over 40,000 internal and a great number of external students; the latter come to London only to sit for their examinations. In fact most external students at London University are living in London. The schools, institutes and colleges of the University of London are essentially teaching institutions providing instructions chiefly by means of lectures, which are attended mainly by day students. 

The character and organization of the University of London are such that it’s better to look at its history separately. The university was founded in 1836 as an examining and degree-granting body only and remained as an institution with limited functions until 1900 when it was reconstructed in its present form. The Senate (Рада Університету) was given the lawful right to admit institutions within the County of London as Schools of the University.

The schools of the London University vary greatly in size and character from a series of specialized postgraduate institutes and a number of medical and dental schools to several large institutions such as: University College and King’s College which in themselves are autonomous universities in most respects. The University of Wales provides a further example of a federal institution. Founded in 1893 it organized the three university colleges into a unified system for purpose of degree examinations. Later on four more university colleges were added as constituent parts of the University. Now it is a great university with 20,000 internal students.

Уважно прочитайте текст і перекладіть рідною мовою виділені слова.  
               

Speaking
Прочитайте діалог і вивчіть його напам’ять.
You are looking for a new apartment. You meet the landlord and ask him some questions

• Good afternoon, I would like to rent one of your apartments.
• Wonderful, would you like me to give a tour of one.
• That would be great, but first I have some questions. How many floors are there in this building?
• There‘re five floors with two apartments on each floor.
• How many bedrooms are there in the apartment?
• There’s only one.
• Does the kitchen come with a dishwasher?
• No, I’m afraid not.
• Is the bathroom in good condition?
• For a 25-year-old bathroom, I would say it’s in pretty good condition.
• I see. How much is the rent?
• 800$ a month, and rising.
• Are you kidding? That’s too expensive. I’ll have to look somewhere else.

LESSON 4

 

Grammar                                       Тривалі часи. Активний стан
Reading                                         Vinnytsia
Vinnytsia National Technical University
Speaking                                        Distance learning

Grammar
Continuous Tense. Active Voice.
PresentContinuous (Progressive) Tense
Теперішній тривалий час

Утворення
PresentContinuous має форму be + Ving

Стверджувальна форма		Заперечна форма		Питальна форма
I am		І am not		am І
you are		you are not		are you
he she is it	working	he she is not it	working	he is she it	working?
we you are they		we you are not they		we are   you they

Цю форму ще часто називають «presentprogressive». При додаванні закінчення -ing інколи відбуваються зміни в написанні слів:

Example:begin – beginning

Вживання

Present Continuous вживається для вираження дії, яка відбувається в момент мовлення:

Example: Where are the children? – They аre playing in thegarden.

Present Continuous вживається для вираження дії, яка відбувається у теперішньому часі, але не обов’язково в момент мовлення:

Example:You аre spending a lot of money these days.

Present Continuous вживається для вираження дії, яка відбувається в теперішньому часі протягом певного періоду:

Example: Robert is on holiday this week. He's staying with hiswife in Greece.

Present Continuous вживається для вираження змінних дій або дій, що розвиваються, та ситуацій у теперішньому часі:

Example:Your children are growing up very quickly.

Present Continuous може вживатися для вираження дії у майбутньому часі:

Example:I'm meeting Sue on Saturday evening.
Порівняйте:

Present Continuous вживається для вираження дії в розвитку або дії, що відбувається в момент мовлення, а також для вираження тимчасо­вих ситуацій.

Example:Are youworking now?

Present Simple вживається для вираження повторюваних або звич­них дій, для вираження загальновідомих дій та постійних ситуацій.

Example:Do you work every Saturday afternoon?
Деякі дієслова не вживаються в тривалих часах:

• Дієслова мислення:think (вважати), see (розуміти), believe, understand, know, recognize, suppose, remember, imagine, forget, realize.
• Дієслова відчуттів: like,   dislike,    hate,    love,    prefer,   want, wish.
• Дієслова сприймання:see, hear, smell, taste, feel.
• Інші дієслова:have (мати), own, belong to, owe, need, include, cost, contain,   weigh,   sound,   be,  seem, deserve.

Коли ці дієслова описують дію, а не стан, їх можна вживати в формахContinuous.
Порівняйте:
I think you are right.                       Ssh! I'm thinking.
I've my car for 6 months.                 I'm having lunch.

 

Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense
Минулий тривалий час
Утворення
PastContinuousутворюється за допомогою was/were + Ving.

Стверджувальна форма		Заперечна форма		Питальна форма
I was		I was not		was I
you were		you were not		were you
he she was it	working	he she was not it	working	he was she it	working?
you were		we you were not they		were we you they

 

Вживання
Past Continuous вживається для вираження дії, що тривала в мину­лому. Дія або ситуація почалася, але не завершилася в той час.
Example:At eight о 'clock last night I was watchingTV.

Past Continuous таPast Simple часто вживаються в реченні одночасно.Past Continuous означає тривалу дію або ситуацію, яка відбувалась у минулому;Past Simple означає нетривалу дію, яка відбулася всередині більш тривалої дії або перервала її.

Example: I was drivingalong when a child ranacross the road.     

 

Future Continuous (Progressive) Tense
Майбутній тривалий
Утворення
Future Continuousмає форму will be + Ving

Стверджувальна форма		Заперечна форма		Питальна форма
I		I		will I
you		you		will you
he she it	will be working	he she it	will not be working	he will      she       it	be working?
we		we		we
you they		you they		will     you                      they

Скорочення: ’ll =will    won’t =will not

Вживання
FutureContinuous вживається для вираження дії, яка буде у розвитку в певний момент у майбутньому.

Example: I’ll be having dinner at5.00 pm.
FutureContinuous вживається для вираження дій у майбутньо­му, які вже сплановані або є частиною звичайного розпорядку.

Example:I'll be driving into town later on. Do you want a lift?
FutureContinuous часто вживається як ввічлива форма питання про чиїсь плани, особливо при бажанні щось зробити для когось.

Example:Will you be using your camera at the weekend? Iwondered if I could borrow it.

Exercise 1. Доповніть речення одним із дієслів, використовуючиPresentContinuous абoPresentSimple.
Go, read, use, look, work, prepare, get on, write, hope, work.
I … this letter to thank you for the beautiful birthday present. It's a very nice camera. I … it very often. How … you ..? … you … hard every day? I … everything … all right. My sister … forward to visiting you during her holidays. Now she … an interesting book. And my son … at the report. He … for his Geography lesson.

Exercise 2. Поставте дієслова в дужках в PresentSimple або PresentContinuous.
1. You can turn off the TV-set. I … (not watch) it. 2. What … you … (do) here? I thought you left two days ago. 3. How many hours … you … (work) every day? 4. They … (want) to go to Paris this summer. 5. This pie … (taste) awful. 6. The water … (boil). Would you like tea or coffee? 7. «What a lovely watch!» — «It … (not work), I'm afraid — it's been broken for a long time».

Exercise3. Доповніть речення одним із дієслів, використовуючиPastContinuous абoPastSimple.
Dance, learn, watch, do, ski, wash up, cook, speak, make, discuss, lay, clean, work.
1. What … you … at 5 pm? — I ... the room. 2. At that moment my teacher … over the telephone. 3. The mother asked her children not to make so much noise as the father … in the study. 4. Yesterday we … in the forest the whole day. 5. When I came to the party all the guests ... 6. What … you … at the meeting yesterday? 7. While Jane .., Ann … sandwiches. 8. I … English grammar all day long yesterday. 9. While my mother … dinner I … the table. 10. My brother asked not to disturb, him as he … an interesting movie.

Exercise4.Поставте дієслова в дужках в Past Continuous або Past Simple.
1. Jane wasn't at home when I … (go) to see her. She … (work) in the garden. 2. They … (clean) the carpet when they … (find) the ear-ring. 3. He … (meet) Sarah at the birthday party. She … (wear) a white dress. 4. What … you … (speak) about before I … (interrupt) you? 5. Bob … (be) late but his friends … (wait) for him. 6. When … you … (get) this parcel?
Exercise5.Поставте дієслова в дужках вFuture Simple або FutureContinuous.
1. I … (come) at six o’clock. – Good, I … (wait) for you. 2. I can’t understand this article. – I … (call) my friend, he … translate it for you. 3. This time next month I … (sit) in the plane. 4. You look frozen. Sit down by the fire and I … (make) you a cup of tea. 5. That tree makes the house dark. – OK, I … (cut) it down. 6. What … you … (do) when you graduate from the University? – I … (try) to find a good paid job. 7. What … you … (do) at this time tomorrow? – I … (play) football. 8. My younger brother … (be) in the sixth form next year. That means he … (start) learning Geometry.

Exercise 6.Виберіть правильну форму присудка.
1. You are very quiet. What do you think/are you thinking about? 2. What do you think/are you thinking about my idea? 3. What does this word mean/is this word meaning? 4. Did you hear/Were you hearing the news? 5. You don't watch/You aren't watching the TV at the moment. Switch it off. 6. I'm sorry, but I didn't remember/ was not remembering to get your newspaper when I went shopping. 7. Do you like/Are you liking this painting?

Exercise 7. Використайте Present Continuous або конструкціюbe going to.
1. I (play) tennis tonight with Tom and Ann. 2. He (have) an operation next week. 3. It's very cold. I (light) a fire. 4. We (have) some friends to lunch tomorrow. 5. I've bought a piano; it (be) delivered this afternoon. — Where you (put) it? — I (put) it in the dining room.6. You (go) to the auction tomorrow? — Yes, I (go) but I (not buy) anything. 7. I've reminded you once; I (not do) it again.
8. I (have) my hair cut this afternoon.

Exercise 8.Поставте дієслова в дужках в FutureSimple або FutureContinuous.
1. I am sure that I (recognize) him.  2. I (see) her tomorrow. 3. He (play) in a tennis match on Friday. 4. She (come) back on Monday. 5. I (go) again next year. 6. We (know) tonight. 7. You pay and I (owe) you the money. 8. I (believe) it when I see it. 9. I (have) my car repainted next week. 10. I hope that you (have) a good time tomorrow. 11. His speech (be) broadcast tonight. 12. The window-cleaner (come) at eight tomorrow. 13. Tom (catch) the 7.40 train. 14. Where you (meet) them? — I (meet) them at midnight in the middle of the wood. 15. What horse you (ride) tomorrow?

Reading

Word and word-combinations
estimate v– оцінювати                             outskirt – околиця
lime stone – вапняк                                 part-time students – заочники
clay – глина                                              department – кафедра
legislative – законодавчий                       meritorious – заслужений
executive – виконавчий                           сurricula – навчальна програма
judicial – судовий                                    bachelor – бакалавр
annex – приєднувати                               master – магістр
massacre – різанина                                рeculiaritу – особливість
invading – вторгнення                             apart from – окрім
atrocitу – звірство                                   аcquiring – отримання
victim – жертва                                        вy correspondence – заочно
accommodation – житло                          аchievement – досягнення
barbed – колючий                                   distinction – відзнака Text 4A

 

Vinnytsia

Vinnytsia is a city located on the banks of the Southern Buh, in central Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Vinnytsia Region (Oblast). Vinnytsia is located about 260 km west of the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, 429 km north of the port city Odessa and 369 km from Lviv. Now the current estimated population is 370,100. The natural resources are the following: the deposits of granite and lime stone, clay, sand and mineral spring water in several places. The climate of Vinnytsya region is moderately humid.

As an administrative centre of Ukraine, Vinnytsia is the seat of the local legislative, executive and judicial branches of the power in the region. Vinnytsia is the industrial, transport, agricultural, cultural and educational centre of the region. The National Technical University, the Agricultural University, the Pedagogical University, the Medical University, the University of Trade and Economy educate the specialists almost for every branch of our life. There are also special secondary schools, which give secondary education in the spheres of technique, bakery, dairy and trade. Nowadays there are private schools as well as state schools, lyceums, classic school form where children can get their general secondary education.

Vinnytsia as a small settlement was founded on the picturesque banks of the Southern Bug in the 13th century by Lithuanian Prince Olgert. Vinnytsia has been an important trade and political center since the fourteenth century, when Fedir Koriatovych, the nephew of Olgerd, built a fortress (1363) against Tatar raiders on the banks of the Southern Buh. From that time on, the town became a factor in ongoing disputes between Lithuania, Tatars (who burnt the fortress in 1580), Poland, Turkey (which ruled the city and region from 1672 to 1699), Cossacks and eventually Russia, which annexed the city and region following the Second Partition of Poland in 1793.

Victim's graves from the Vinnytsia massacre during the Stalinist repression of 1937–1938 were exhumed by the invading Germans in 1943. Adolf Hitler sited his easternmost headquarters Führerhauptquartier Werwolf near the town. Nazi atrocities were committed in and near Vinnytsia by Einsatzgruppe C. Estimates of the number of victims run as high as 28,000. This included the virtual extinction of the town's large Jewish population. Führerhauptquartier Werwolf was the codename used for one of Adolf Hitler's World War II Eastern Front military headquarters located in a pine forest about 12 kilometres north of Vinnytsia, between the villages of Stryzhavka and Kolo-Mykhailivka on the Kiev highway. Hitler's accommodation at Werwolf consisted of a modest log cabin built around a private courtyard with its own concrete bunker. The rest of the complex consisted of about 20 wooden cottages and barracks and up to three «B» class bunkers, surrounded by ring of barbed wire and ground defensive positions connected by underground tunnels. The area was surrounded by a defensive strip of bunkers, anti-aircraft guns and tanks, as well as anti-tank ditches and minefields. There was a tea house, a barber shop, a bathhouse, a sauna, a cinema and even an open swimming pool for the inhabitants' use. The facility also contained a large vegetable garden to provide Hitler with a secure supply of food. Two artesian wells supplied the site with water, and the site had its own power generation facilities. The bunkers were constructed by Organisation Todt using local Ukrainian workers, forced labour but mainly Soviet prisoners of war. Many of the workers were subsequently murdered to maintain secrecy of the site. Today only the swimming pool and concrete fragments remain visible on the site, which is an open recreation area. Nearby is a memorial to the thousands of labourers and others buried by the Nazis in gravepits at Stryzhavka.

The history of our land is closely connected with the names of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, Ivan Bogun, Maxim Kryvonis, Ustym Karmaliuk and many others outstanding Ukrainian people. The citizens of Vinnytsia and the guests of the town like to attend the estate museum of famous doctor Pyrohov, the founder of the battle-field surgery, the scientist and pedagogue. One of the main streets in our town, the Medical University and the regional hospital are named after him. If you are interested in history it would be useful to visit our museum of Local Lore, which is situated in the centre of Vinnytsia near the Bridge across the Southern Buh. There are expositions devoted to various periods of the development of Vinnytsia. A lot of guests enjoy visiting the museum of the classic of Ukrainian Literature, Mychailo Kotsiubynskyi. The small white house where he lived with his family is in the centre of Vinnytsia. The curator will show you the things belonging to the writer, tell about the family way of life. It was Kotsiubynskyi who first thought about the creating of the public library in Vinnytsia. There is a monument to the writer near the house and the street where it stands is named after him.

We call Vinnytsia the cultural centre not only for its historical places, museums and monuments, but also for two theatres and philharmonic society. Our Drama Theatre named after the well-known Ukrainian actor Sadovskyi is situated in the centre of Vinnytsia. Theatre-goers can enjoy dramas, comedies, musicals performed by our local actor company.
Roshen Fountain is the only one in Ukraine and the largest floating fountain in Europe, built in the river Southern Buh in Vinnytsia City near Festivalny Isle (Campa Isle).

Havryshivka International Airport is situated in Vinnytsia. Since the end of World War II, Vinnytsia has been the home for major Soviet Air Forces base, including an airfield, a hospital, arsenals and other military installations. The headquarters of the 43rd Rocket Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces was stationed in Vinnytsia from 1960 to the early 1990s. The 2nd Independent Heavy Bomber Aviation Corps, which later became 24th Air Army, was also stationed in Vinnitsa from 1960 to 1992. The Ukrainian Air Force Command has been based in Vinnytsia since 1992.

Завдання  до  тексту 4A.
Прочитайте текст і поставте до нього 5 спеціальних, 5 загальних, 5 розділових та 5 альтернативних запитань.
Знайдіть додаткову інформацію і зробіть презентацію «My Native Town». Text 4B
Vinnytsia National Technical University

Vinnytsia National Technical University is an educational establishment of the fourth level of accreditation well known both in Ukraine and far abroad.

VNTU consists of 7 faculties and 1 institute: FCSA (Faculty of Computer Systems and Automatics); FCETPEGS (Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thermal Power Engineering and Gas Supply); FPEEM (Faculty of Power Engineering and Electrical Mechanics); FITCE (Faculty of Information Technologies and Computer Engineering); FMBT (Faculty of Machine Building and Transport); FRETEIE (Faculty of Radio Engineering, Telecommunication and Electronic Instrument Engineering); FM (Faculty of Management) and Institute of Ecology, Environmental Protection and Balanced Nature.
The University trains 6000 day-time students, 1500 part-time students, 100 PhD and Doctor degree students, 1000 pre-University students.

The educational and scientific activity is conducted by 47 departments, 26 of which are running branch offices with the enterprises in Vinnytsia and Vinnytsia region. The departments are run by Doctors of Sciences, professors (84% of teaching staff in the graduating departments and 72% of University teachers have scientific degrees and titles). 2% of University teachers have honorary title − Meritorious. 10% are Academicians and Correspondent Members of State and Public Academies.

VNTU is the unique University in Ukraine as introduced in 1991 the three semester study system, two semesters of which are conducted following the curricula and the third one is a working semester. During the working semester the first year students obtain the working profession, corresponding to the future engineering one. The senior students are working on the enterprises independently, improving their qualification. Department for Training and Production Integration has its representatives in all the industrial cities of Ukraine which allows to run the working semesters. VNTU is given the highest IVth level of accreditation and trains students according to the three stage system Bachelor − Engineer – Master following the curricula, which integrates the peculiarities of national and Canadian system of higher education.

Apart from acquiring the basic specialіty the students are allowed to get the second specialіty by correspondence. Our University is also unique in Ukraine to allow students of any speciality with achievements in sports to obtain the additional specialization − Management of Organizations of Physical Culture and Sports.

One more peculiarity of students training in VNTU allows the Bachelors with the distinction who have the ability to scientific and educational activity to join Masters training courses after four years of Bachelor's training program.
Students of different specialties learn English for Specific Purposes on the level of technical translation which allows them to join the overseas representative offices or work abroad. University campus is located on the lot of 25 hectares in Vinnytsia. 100 km away form Vinnytsia the University owns 10 hectares with the University sports centre. The first and second year students makes it possible to meet eminent people, authors, musicians, artists, theatre and film actors, politicians and religious figures and other people who visit the University. The University has the efficient system for training specialists of higher qualification which has no analogues. Training of scientific and educational specialists is conducted on the post-graduated courses on 19 specialties and on the Doctoral courses on 4 specialities. There are 5 Specialized Scientific Councils for examination of PhD and Doctoral Thesis on 12 specialities.

The University issues the social and political periodical – «Impulse» which is in demand in the region. The University scientific journals on technical, economic and pedagogic sciences approved by the Highest Attestation Board of Ukraine are: «Visnyk of Vinnytsya Polytechnic Institute», «Optoelectronic Information», «Power Technologies» and «Information Technologies and Computer Engineering». Recently initiated scientific journal is «Modern Technologies, Materials and Constructions in Civil Engineering». The journal «Sententiae» is specialized in the sphere of philosophical sciences.

VNTU is the only permanent member representing Ukraine in the International Association of Inventors IFIA with headquarters in Geneva. The scientists of VNTU are annually awarded medals for inventions presented on the invention exhibitions, organized by IFIA in Jassy (Romania), Budapest (Hungary), Sofia (Bulgaria), Brussels (Belgium), Geneva (Switzerland) and Pittsburg (USA). The University trains specialists with higher education on the level of Master and Philosophy Doctor in technical sciences for 69 countries in Africa, Asia, South and Central America.

Завдання до тексту 4В.
Дайте відповіді на запитання.
1. How many faculties does VNTU consist of? 2. Who does the University train? 3. Why is VNTU the unique University in Ukraine? 4. What can you tell about the three stage system in the University? 5. Are the students allowed to get the second specialіty by correspondence? 6. What purposes do students learn English for? 7.  Are there Specialized Scientific Councils for examination of PhD and Doctoral Thesis in the University? 8. What periodical does the University issue? 9. Do any foreign students study at the University? 

Speaking
Прочитайте діалог і вивчіть його напам’ять.

• I would really like to study computing but I can't afford the time or money for a course.
• I suppose you're talking about a full-time course, but that's not the only option you know.
• Well what else could I do?
• You could do it by distance learning. My brother's just completed a distance learning course in HR management.
• Was he satisfied with it? Was it any good?
• Yes, he was, although he said it was tough to come home tired after a day's work and then to do two or three hours of study before going to bed.

Exercise9. Знайдіть в тексті англійські еквіваленти поданим нижче словосполученням:
Я не можу дозволити собі, я вважаю, єдиний варіант, дистанційне навчання, управління персоналом, чи була з цього користь, було важко.

LESSON 5

Grammar:                                   It – безособове
One, that – як замінники
Reading:                                     People Who Changed the World
2012 London Olympics, Ukrainian Gold
Medals                                             
Speaking:                                   Dialogues

Grammar

It – impersonal. One, that as substitutes

It – безособове. One, that як замінники

It в англійській мові – це безособовий займенник. It може використовуватись як підмет для безособового дієслова. Як формальний підмет у безособових реченнях займенник it не слід перекладати українською мовою.Супроводжувати підмет it у безособових реченнях в англійській мові може або прикметник, або прислівник, або дієслово (змінюється за часами і формами). Якщо у реченні є it і прикметник, то присудком буде дієслово to be у формі третьої особи однини.

Example: It is cold. – Холодно. It was difficult to recognize her at once. – Було важко відразу її впізнати.
Якщо в компанії з підметом it знаходиться дієслово, то воно змінюється за часами та формами.

Example: It drizzles. – Мрячить.
Слід зазначити, що безособове речення з дієсловом take в поєднанні з it ми перекладаємо як потрібно, необхідно.

Example:It takes me half an hour to get to the university. – Мені необхідно півгодини, щоб дістатися до університету.
It використовується для подання іменника середнього роду.

Example: I am taking the meat back to the shop because it isn’t good. – Я віднесу м'ясо назад до магазину, тому що воно не свіже.
It може використовуватися для представлення малюків обох статей.Itтакож може використовуватися для малих і домашніх тварин.

Example: Thebabyiscrying. It must be hungry. – Дитяплаче. Воно, напевно, голодне.
It використовується для емоційного підсилення перед іменником або займенником.

Example: It was John who painted this picture. –Саме Джон намалювавцеймалюнок.

Exercise 1. Перекладіть англійською мовою.
1. Літо. 2. Важко перекладати цей текст. 3. Вдень світло, а вночі темно. 4. У вашій кімнаті тепло чи холодно? 5. У травні, зазвичай, тепло. 6. Коли я прийду додому, буде ще нетемно. 7. Весна. У парках багато квітів. 8. Завтра буде неділя. 9. Ми прийдемо завтра о пів на восьму, якщо не буде дощу. 10. Було без десяти сім, коли батько повернувся додому. 11. Влітку тут тепло? 12. Взимку у нас нехолодно. 13. Вчора було так само холодно, як і сьогодні. 14. Звідси до будинку 5 кілометрів. 15. Зима. Холодно. Йде сніг. 16. Дощ іде? ─ Ні, але на небі багато хмар. 17. Важливо читати багато англійських текстів. 18. Вчора йшов сніг? ─ Ні. 19. Вже пізно і зовсім темно. 20. Важко говорити іноземною мовою без помилок. 21. Звідси дуже далеко до театру? 22. Дуже приємно було купатися в морі.

Exercise 2. Перекладіть українськоюмовою.
1. It is these special properties of sound that are thesubject of the present chapter. 2. It was the Dutch physicist, Christian Huygens, who first offered an explanation for the phenomena. 3. It was not until about 1911 that a first really successful theory of atomic structure was suggested by Rutherford. 4. It was not until Einstein discovered the connection between gravitation and inertia that the mystery Newton could not understand was solved. 5. Radioactive phenomena occur within the nucleus, and it is here that mass and positive charge resides. 6. A solenoid carrying a current behaves just like a magnet. It was the great French physicist Ampere who first showed this to be the case.

One може замінювати іменник, який вживається раніше. У множині він має форму ones. Перекладається тим іменником, який він замінює, або опускається. Якщо після займенника one слідують означальний підрядний або означальний дієприкметниковий зворот, то one є замінником іменника. Займенник that (those) замінює іменник, який стоїть раніше, і перекладається тим іменником, який він замінює, або опускається.

Example: The latter method differs radically from the one mentioned above. – Останній метод значно відрізняється від того (методу), який згадувався раніше.

Exercise 3. Використайте займенники one (ones), that (those),щоб уникнути повторення попереднього іменника.
1. The new flat is more comfortable than the old flat. 2. The white dress is as nice as the yellow dress. 3. The brown shoes are as dear as the black shoes. 4. The thin book has not as many pages as the thick book. 5. The cotton dress is not so dear as the silk dress. 6. This film is more interesting than that film. 7. I don't like this coat. Show me another coat. 8. The shop assistant showed me two suits of different colours. I chose the blue suit.

 

Reading

Word and word-combinations

 

Text 5B

2012 London Olympics. Ukrainian Gold Medals

Vasyl Lomachenko (born February 17, 1988 in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi) is a Ukrainian amateur boxer who won the gold medal at the 2012 London Olympics in the featherweight division. Lomachenko is coached by his father Anatoly. Lomachenko won gold at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China. He avenged his 2007 World Championship defeat to Selimov in the first round. Lomachenko beat his five opponents by an astonishing 58-13 on the way to his first gold medal, and was subsequently named the outstanding boxer for the tournament and awarded the Val Barker Trophy. In 2012 London Olympics he won his second consecutive Gold Medal. He defeated Han Soon-Chul of South Korea in the final by 19-9.

Kateryna Tarasenko (born 6 August, 1987 in Dnipropetrovsk) is a Ukrainian rower. Along with Yana Dementieva (born 23 October, 1978 in Kharkiv) she finished 7th in the women's double sculls at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Both of them together with Nataliia Dovhodko (born February 7, 1991 in Kyiv) and Anastasiia Kozhenkova (born 19 January, 1986 in Kovel, Volyn Oblast) won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the quadruple sculls event.

Oleksandr Usyk (born 17 January, 1987 in Simferopol) is a Ukrainian amateur boxer who won the 2008 European Amateur Boxing Championships at light-heavyweight, the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships at heavyweight and the gold medal at the 2012 London Olympics in the heavyweight division. He is a southpaw.

Oleksii Torokhtii (born May 22, 1986 in Zuhres, Donetsk Oblast) is a Ukrainian weightlifter. He won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the men's 105 kg category with a total of 412 kg.

Yana Shemiakina (born January 6, 1986 in Lviv) is a Ukrainian fencer (specialised in Épée) who won Bronze during the 2009 European Fencing Championships. Shemiakina is a student at Lviv State University of Physical Culture. In 2012, at the 2012 London Olympics she won the gold medal after defeating Britta Heidemann of Germany in the women's individual epee fencing final.

Yurii Cheban (born 5 July, 1986 in Odesa) is Ukrainian sprint canoer who has been competing since 2003. He took up the sport at age 14. His mother and coach Liudmyla Cheban, who is a former athlete herself, brought him to the sport. He first tried kayak but in a month he was asked to switch to canoe as there was a need for canoeists. In 2003, despite being a year younger than many of his rivals, he was a world junior silver medal at Komatsu, Japan. He won a bronze medal in the C1 500m event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Yuri Cheban wins gold medal in men's singles 200-meter canoe sprint at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He is a student at Poltava National Pedagogical University. His hobbies are hunting, computers and cars.

Завдання до тексту 5B.
Прочитайте текст і поставте до нього 5 спеціальних, 5 загальних, 5 розділових та 5 альтернативних запитань.
Знайдіть додаткову інформацію і зробіть презентацію «Olympic Games».

Speaking
Прочитайте діалоги і вивчіть їх напам’ять.
1
A Do you think you could possibly water my house-plants for me? I'm away on business for two weeks.
B No problem. I'll be glad to. I'll keep an eye on your whole flat if you like.
A  That would be great.
B Don't worry, I know how house-proud you are. I'll make sure everything stays clean and tidy.
A I'll do the same for you any time, you know.
B Thanks.
2               
A Julie, have you heard? Anna's just been made managing director of the UK branch of her firm, so she's coming back from the States!
B Oh, Mum, that's wonderful news. Let's give her a spectacular home-coming party when she gets back. Hmmm. She's certainly the career girl of the family.
A  My love, you don't envy her, do you?
B Not me. I'm the original happy housewife, remember? Four kids, home-made cakes, home-grown vegetables!
A  And how are my fabulous grandchildren?
3
A We're having a house-warming party on the 12th. Can you come?
B Yes, you bet. We'd love to! But I didn't know you'd moved.
A Yeah, two weeks ago. It's much bigger than the old one. A huge kitchen and
three big bedrooms.
B It sounds wonderful.
A Yeah. Mind you, there's much more housework to do!
B That's a drag!

LESSON 6

 

Grammar:                                 Some, any, no та їх похідні.

Reading:                                   Acid Rain

Problems оf Nature Protection

Speaking:                                  Dialogues A, B

Grammar
Some, any, no and their derivatives
Some, any, no та їх похідні

Вживання
Займенники some any вживаються:
а) як займенники-прикметники у функції означення:
Example:I've got some stamps. У мене є кілька поштових марок;
б) як займенники-іменники у функції підмета і додатка:
Example: Do any of your engi­neers know French? Хтось із ваших інженерів знає французьку?
Займенникsome,вжитий перед злічуваним іменником у множині або замість нього, означає кілька, деякі, дехто. Перед злічуваними іменниками в однині some означає який-небудь, якийсь. Перед незлічуваними іменникамиsome означає деяку кількість і українською мовою, зазвичай, не перекладається. Перед числівникамиsome має значення приблизно.

Займенник any означає який-небудь, які-небудь, скільки-небудь. Українською моою він здебільшого не перекладається:
Example:Are there any mushrooms there? Там є гриби?
Складні неозначені займенники somebody, someone(хтось, хто-небудь); something(щось); anybody, anyone(xтo-небудь); anything(що-небудь) є займенниками-іменниками. Вони вживаються в загальному і присвійному відмінках.

У загальному відмінку ці займенники виконують функції підмета і додатка (іноді іменної частини присудка), а в присвійному відмінку — функцію означення.

Займенники some, somebody, someone, something вживаються:
а) у стверджувальних реченнях:
Example:I've brought you something. Я вам дещо приніс;
б) у спеціальних запитаннях:
Example:Whyhavesomepupilsgone home? Чому деякі учні пішли додому?
в) у загальних запитаннях, що виражають пропозицію або прохання:
Example: Will you have some more tea? Вам ще налити чаю?

Займенники any, anybody, anyone, anything вживаються:
а) у загальних запитаннях:
Example:Are there any fruit-trees there? Там є фруктові дерева?
б) в заперечних реченнях:
Example:Idon'tseeanything. Я не бачу нічого
в) у стверджувальних реченнях, де any має значення будь-який; anybody, anyone — будь-хто; anything — будь-що:
Example:Youcanbuystampsatanypost-office. Марки можна купити в будь-якому поштовому відділенні.

Заперечний займенник no є займенником-прикметником; він вживається перед іменником. Якщо займенник no стосується іменника-додатка, його можна опустити, вживаючи дієслово-присудок у заперечній формі; перед додатком при цьому здебільшого вживається займенник any.
Example:She has got no piano. У неї нема рояля.

Складні заперечні займенники nobody, no one (нікого); nothing (ніщо, нічого) є займенниками-іменниками і вживаються у функції підмета і додатка. У ролі додатка поряд з nobody, no one і nothing вживаються займенники anybody, anyone і anything; дієслово-присудок при цьому має заперечну форму.  Займенники nobody і no one виконують у присвійному відмінку функцію означення:
Example:It was nobody's house. Це був нічий будинок.

Exercise 1. Доповніть речення some, any, someone, anyone, something, anything, somewhere, anywhere.
1. She bought … new skirts. 2. He never does … homework. 3. We have … to eat. 4. Let's go … else. 5. I cannot hear… 6. I have … questions. 7. He lives … near the city centre. 8. There was't … at home. 9. … broke the window. 10. Have you seen my key? I can't find it... 11. He didn't want to eat... 12. Would you like … tea?

Exercise2.   Доповніть речення some абоany.
1. There are … beautiful flowers in the garden. 2. І haven't got … envelopes but Ann's got... 3. Are there … letters for me this morning? 4. I'm going to buy … eggs. 5. They didn't make … mistakes in their tests. 6. І went out to buy … milk but they didn't have … in the shop. 7. I'm thirsty. Can I have … water, please? 8. І want to wash my hair. Is there … shampoo?

Exercise 3. Доповніть речення some/any/no + body/one/thing/where.
1. You must ask … to help you with this work. 2. If I have … free time, I shall go … tonight. 3. Have you heard … about our plan? 4. Did … see this film yesterday? 5. І know … about it and he doesn't know … about it either. … knows about it. 6. He said … in a low voice but I didn't make out...

Exercise 4. Доповніть речення some або any.
1. I have ... English books. 2. Are there ... arm-chairs in the room? 3. There isn't ... chalk in the classroom. 4. There is … juice in the jug.  5.Mother has bought ... butter. 6. There аrеn’t ... in my dictation. 7. There are ... lakes in this district. 8. Have you … relatives in Kyiv? 9. I've read ... English stories this month.

Exercise 5. Дайте відповіді на запитання.
1. Have you any brothers or sisters? 2. Have you got any Еnglish books? 3. Are there any pictures on the walls of your room? 4. Are there any trees in front of your house? 5. Can any of your friends speak German? 6. Have you read any English books this year? 7. Did you receive any massagers yesterday? 8. Did you find anybody in the gym when you came to the University yesterday? 9. Is there anything on your table now? 10. Did you invite anybody to your last birthday party?

Exercise 6. Замініть займенник any і його похідні на no або  його похідні, зробіть необхідні зміни.
1. The little boy hasn't any toys. 2. There isn't any water in the jug. 3. There aren't any fruit trees in the park. 4. We haven't any classes on Sunday. 5. It was so dark that we couldn't see anything. 6. We haven't learned any new words this week. 7. She did not ask anyone to help her. 8. I didn't see anyone there. 9. I didn't know anything about it. 10. There weren't any students in our classroom till 8 o’clock.

 

Reading

Word and word-combinations

1............................................................
Can you imagine a world where acid falls out of the sky? It sounds like something from science fiction, but it happens every day on planet Earth. Acid rain is serious environmental problem which is getting worse all the time. It destroys buildings, plants and wildlife and it is slowly poisoning the entire planet.
2..........................................................

Acid rain is caused by cars and lorries, factories and electric power plants that use fossil fuels, such as oil and coal. In recent years, we have used more and more fossil fuels to provide energy for our homes and businesses. As a result, the amount of acid rain has increased dramatically.
3..........................................................

When fossil fuels are burned they release gas called sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere. These gases mix with water to form clouds of dangerous acids. When rain falls from these clouds, it is highly acidic and causes great deal of damage to our planet.
4.........................................................

Acid rain damages many different kinds of plants including the crops and trees which provide us with food. It also pollutes our lakes and streams, and consequently the fish and the animals that drink it. Various species of plants and wildlife are in danger of becoming extinct as a result of acid rain.
5........................................................

So how can we prevent acid rain from completely destroying our planet? The answer is simple. We must cut down as much as possible on our use fossil fuels. We should find alternative forms energy, such as solar power, to supply our homes and businesses, and use public transport instead of private cars. Only by doing this we can save our planet from acid rain.

Завдання до тексту 6A.
Дайте відповіді на питання.
1. Can you think of any other alternative forms of energy?
2. Can you think of other suggestions to help stop acid rain?
Побудуйте речення зі словосполучень, доповнюючи їх власними думками.
1 stop cutting down trees                   a) make new products/reduce/litter
2 use alternative forms                       b) animals/birds/not lose/natural
of energy                                            habitats  
3 recycle containers, papers, etc         c) natural resources/not come to an
end/reduce air pollution caused
by harmful gases

 

Text 6В

Problems оf Nature Protection

Nature protection is one of the major functions of each state and one of the most important problems of nowadays, as environmental, air and water pollution is extremely great, and this dangerous situation becomes worse with every passing year.

Moreover, high density of industrial enterprises and man's economic activities that destruct the ozone layer have done a serious damage to our planet.

Besides the exploration of outer space and mastering nuclear energy have made the relationship between man and nature still more complicated endangering the life on Earth.

The new Ukrainian Constitution, which was adopted by the Supreme Rada on June 28, 1996, assures the right to a safe and healthy environment and enacts a number of laws aimed at it. Their main objects are to protect the biosphere from pollutants, to control the use of water and land reserves, to prohibit all activities threatening nature and guarantee the ecological security of the Ukrainians. To implement these urgent tasks Ukraine must organize a real environmental protection and rational utilization of natural resources, develop new advanced technologies producing little or no waste, forecast the effect of human activities on the biosphere, etc.

That's why protection of nature resources and wildlife has become a great concern of our government, which founded the Ministries of Environment and Emergency Situations and a special Committee of the Verkhovna Rada dealing with these problems. Their tasks are to control the state of surroundings, to prevent the pollution of nature and atmosphere, to safeguard the water areas of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, Ukrainian rivers and lakes, to extend the network of national reserves and to maintain cooperation with different international ecological organizations.

In Ukraine, a campaign for environment protection is widely supported by numerous public organizations and lots of individuals. The most active participant in this struggle is the Ukrainian Green Party, which publishes the ecological newspaper «The Green World» («Zeleniy Svit»). The party calls on Ukrainians to keep nature and use it more carefully and economically, as our common goal is to preserve the generous and picturesque Ukrainian land for the present and future generations in all its beauty.

Great Britain also does its best to improve the ecological situation inside and outside the country. Responsibility for pollution rests with local and central government bodies. The British Cabinet of Ministers worked out the rules for the use of the Earth's atmosphere and carried out urgent legislative measures to prevent the greenhouse effect, which can lead to global warming and rise in sea level.

Only a strictly scientific approach to the industrial-technological development is able to settle all global and local ecological problems, as economic, social, technological and biological processes are closely interrelated nowadays, so we must consider them as a complicated ecological-economic system. At present, more and more people throughout the world begin to understand that all countries of our planet are ecologically interdependent; therefore all nations must cooperate with each other in solving global ecological problems to secure our unique Earth. Either we shall stop killing the nature or we'll kill ourselves!

Завдання до тексту6В.
Дайте відповіді на запитання.
1. Why is nature protection one of the most important problems of each state? 2. What destruct the ozone layer?  3. When was the new Ukrainian Constitution adopted?  4. What are the main objects concerning the nature protection? 5. What Ministry deals with the problems of nature protection? 6. What are the tasks of such Ministry? 7. What do you know about the Ukrainian Green Party?  8. What is able to settle all global and local ecological problems? 9. Why must all nations cooperate with each other in solving global ecological problems?

Speaking
Прочитайте діалоги і вивчіть їх на пам’ять.

А
Andrea: Did you hear the warning on the radio this morning?
Trevor: No. What warning?
Andrea: Apparently the air quality today will not meet recommended levels.
Trevor: What does that mean?
Andrea: It means that the air over the city is not moving at all. It's just like a thick cloud of polluted gas all around us.
Trevor: That sounds horrible!
Andrea: It is! Doctors recommend that the elderly and everyone with breathing difficulties should stay inside all day today.
Trevor: Oh dear! It sounds like we'll all have breathing difficulties soon if the air quality doesn't improve.

B
Dave: Oh, this is a waste of time! We've been fishing all morning and we haven't caught a thing.
Sam: Well, I'm not really surprised. I mean, look at this lake. It's a total mess. The only thing you're likely to catch in this water is a disease.
Dave: I just don't understand how it got so dirty.
Sam: Well, I suppose the local factories have been pumping their industrial waste into it.
Dave: I hate that. Look! Someone has been dumping rubbish! What sort of person would do that in such a beautiful spot?
Sam: Well, I wouldn't, but a lot of people simply don't care about the environment.
Dave: Oh, wait! I've caught something!
Sam: What is it? Let me see! Great - we can have fish for dinner.
Dave: Huh! It’s an old boot. Oh, I'm fed up with this. Let's go home.
Sam: I agree.

 

LESSON 7

 

Grammar:                                 Much, many, (a) little, (a) few
Reading:                                   History of Computers
What is a Computer?
Speaking:                                  Looking for a new job

Grammar

Кількісні займенники

До кількісних займенників належать: many, much ─ багато; few, little ─ мало; a few, a little ─ кілька, трохи. Manyі fewвживаються перед зліченними іменниками множини, а також замінюють їх. Як іменник manyозначає багато хто, few — мало хто. Займенники  muchі  littleвживаються  перед  незліченними іменниками, а також замінюють їх. Крім того, muchі littleвживаються після дієслів як прислівники. Часто до них додаються прислівники very (дуже), too (занадто), so (так). Для позначення великої кількості вживають такі словосполучення, як a lot of, lots of. Вони вживаються разом із злічуваними іменниками у множині та незлічуваними іменниками. У сучасній англійській мові a lot of, lots of зазвичай використовуються у розповідних реченнях, а many, much — у заперечних та питальних.

Exercise 1. Використайте займенники much, many, a lot of.
1. I have … newspapers in my bag. 2. There are … colleges within English universities. 3. He knows … languages. 4. There is … dust on the furniture. 5. Our teacher knows … 6. We walk … after lessons. 7. They don’t ask us … questions.

Exercise 2. Використайте необхідний займенник (little, few, a little, a few).
Chalk, coffee, tables, pictures, cars, jam, snow, dictionaries, pencils, magazines, dust, grass, exercise-books.

Exercise 3. Поставте much, many, a lot of:
1. I’ve got ______ spare time today. 2. There isn’t ______ snow on the ground. − No, the sun has melted it. 3. How ______ times did you have a shower yesterday? 4. There are ______flowers in the garden. – Yes, they are beautiful, aren’t they? 5. Have you got any money? – Yes, ______ . 6. Have you got any vegetables? − Yes, but ______ . 7. Can you lend me some money? – No, sorry. I haven’t got money with me. 8. We’ll have to hurry. The man was badly injured in the accident. He lost ______ blood. 9. Don’t disturb me. I’ve got work to do. 10. We didn’t take ______ photographs when we were on holiday.

Exercise 4. Виберіть правильний варіант:
1. When will you be back? −Soon. I’m only going away for a few / a little days.
2. How do you like your coffee? – I think you’ve put too much / too many milk in it.

Exercise 5. Поставте замість пропусків займенники a few, few, a little, little.
1. I don't think I can do this work on my own. I need ___ help. 2. ___Ukrainian ecologists visited Northern Ireland in 2009. 3. The snow was quite deep. There seemed to be___hope of completing the work on the fields. 4. ___teenagers in the village could read before the revolution. 5.We only need ____ tractors to do this work. 6.They had___sheep, ___ goats and some hens and cocks. 7.Unfortunately, there were____ rains last summer. 8. ____ water made those flowers more beautiful. 9. In hot weather plants look fading. They need at least ___ water. 10. This village on the map is very small, but it has  ___ big buildings. 11. In the evening after hard work farmers feel really tired. They need ____ energy to work on their own fields.

Exercise 6. Перекладіть слова в дужках, вживаючи few or a few.
1. During our last practice we have discussed (декілька) business matters. 2. I have (мало) German books. 3. There are (мало) plants in my native city.4. I have written (декілька) letters to my former schoolmates. 5. My brother has read (мало) English books this year. 6. We have (декілька) foreign students in our university. 7. There were very (мало) people there. 8 Many students were invited but (декілька) came. 9. He has (мало) friends.

Exercise 7. Поставте замість пропусків займенники a few, few, a little, little.
1. There is ... juice left in this bottle. 2. Would you like ...milk? — Yes, thank you. My doctor says it's good for my health. 3. I have ... money, so we can go to the cafe. 4. I have ... money, so we cannot go to the cinema. 5. This girl works very ... , that's why she knows nothing. 6. Mother gave us ... apples, and we were glad. 7. He did not like it at the camp: he had very ... friends there. 8. This lemon drink is sour; if you put ... sugar in it, it will be sweeter. 9. This lemon drink is sour; if you put ... lumps of sugar in it, it will be sweeter. 10. The hall was almost empty: there were very ... people in it.

Exercise 8. Поставте замість пропусків займенники much, many, little, few, a little или a few.
1. When we walked ... farther down the road, we met another group of students. 2. Have you got ... money on you? — I'm sorry. I have very ... money at the moment. 3. At the conference we met ... people whom we knew well. 4. There are very ... old houses left in our street. Most of them have already been pulled down. 5. If you have ... spare time, look through this book. You will find ... stories there which are rather interesting. 6. There are ... things here which I cannot understand. 7. Shall I bring ... more chalk? — No, thank you. There is ... chalk on the desk. I hope that will be enough for our lesson.

 

Reading

Word and word-combinations

 

 

Text 7A

History of Computers

Let us take a look at the history of the computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was ten fingers of man’s hands. This, in fact, is why today we count in tens and multiply of tens. Then the abacus was invented, a bead frame in which the beads are moved from the left to the right. People went on using some forms of abacus well into the 16th century, it is being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.

During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J.Napier, a Scotsman, devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing that is the way how the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier’s ideas to produce logarithms which all mathematicians used today. Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people’s experiments. This type of machine which saves a great deal of time and reduces the possibility of making mistakes depends on a ten-toothed gear wheels.
In 1830 Charles Babbage, an Englishman, designed a machine called «The Analytical Engine». This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out a human being altogether and  provide the machine with necessary facts the problem to be solved. He never finished this work but many of his ideas were the basis for building today’s computers.

In 1930 the first analog computer was built by American Vannevar Bush. The device was used in World War II to help aim guns. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The men responsible for this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people from IBM. This was the first machine that could figure out long mathematical problems at a very fast speed.

In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J.Eckert and J.Mayshly, built the first digital computer using parts called vacuum tubes. They named their new invention UNIAC. The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes came out in 1950. UNIAC I was an example of these computers which could perform thousand of calculations per second.

In 1960 the second generation of computers was developed and could perform ten times faster than their predecessors. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more dependable than the first-generation computers. The third-generation computers appeared on the market in 1965. These computers could do a million calculations a second which is 1000 times faster than the first-generation computers. Unlike the second-generation computers these are controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable. The fourth-generation computers arrived and the integrated circuits developed have been greatly reduced in size. This was due to microminiturization which means that the circuits were much smaller than before; as many as 1000 tiny circuits fit onto a single chip. A chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are attached or imprinted; in 2008 it dropped below 100 nanometers and in 2013 it is expected to be in the tens of nanometers. The fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster than the third-generation computers and can complete approximately 1.000.000 instructions per second.

The Fifth Generation Computer Systems project (FGCS) was initiated by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry and began in 1982 to create a computer using massive parallel computing or processing. It was to be the result of a massive industry research project in Japan during the 1980s. It aimed to create an «epoch-making computer» with supercomputer performance and to provide a platform for future developments in artificial intelligence.
In the history of computing hardware computers using vacuum tubes were called the first generation; transistors and diodes − the second; integrated circuits − the third; and those using microprocessors − the fourth. Whereas previous computer generations had focused on increasing the number of logic elements in a single CPU, the fifth generation (it was widely believed at that time) would instead turn to massive numbers of CPUs for higher performance. The project was to create the computer over a ten-year period and investment in a new «sixth generation» project would begin. Opinions about its outcome are divided: either it was a failure or it was ahead of its time.

Завдання до тексту 7A.

Translate from Ukrainian into English:
Сьогодні знаємо, cпроба, 10 пальців людської руки, аналоговий комп'ютер, кісточки на рахівниці рухають зліва направо, швидкість, продовжувати використовувати, вакуумні трубки, рахівниця, транзистор, справжня лічильно-обчислювальна машина, інтегровані схеми.

Fill in each blank with a word chosen from the list below to completethemeaning of the sentence:
Speed, figure out, calculating, reduces, microminiturization, analog, logarithms, abacus, machine, vacuum tubes, tiny, dependable, devised.

1. The very first ..... device used was 10 fingers of a man’s hand. 2. Then, the ..... was invented. 3. J.Napier ..... a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing. 4. Henry Briggs used J.Napier’s ideas to produce ..... . 5. The first real calculating ..... appeared in 1820. 6. This type of machine ..... the possibility of making mistakes. 7. In 1930 the first ..... computer was built. 8. This was the first machine that could ..... mathematical problems at a very fast speed. 9. In 1946 was built the first digital computer using parts called .... . 10. The reason for this extra ..... was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. 11. The second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more ..... than the first-generation computers. 12. The third-generation computers are controlled by ..... integrated circuits. 13. This is due to ....., which means that the circuits are much smaller than before.

Fill in the preposition:
1. Let us take a look ..... the history of computers. 2. That is why we count ..... tens and multiply ..... tens. 3. The beads are moved ..... the left ..... the right. 4. Abacus is still being used ..... some parts ..... the world. 5. Calculus was independently invented ..... both Sir Isaac Newton and Leibnitz. 6. This type of machine depends ..... a ten-toothed gear wheels. 7. «The Analytical Engine» was shown ..... the Paris Exhibition ..... 1855. 8. The men responsible ..... this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people ..... IBM.

Finish the following sentences:
1. The first generation of computers came out in ..... . 2. The second generation of computers could perform work ten times faster than their .... . 3. The third-generation computers appeared on the market in ..... . 4. The fourth-generation computers have been greatly ..... . 5. The fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster and can ..... .

Find the synonyms to the following words in the text:
Simple, to carry out, up to date, quick, to try, small.

Find the antonyms to the following words in the text:
Like, short, to increase, dependently.

 

Text 7В

What is a Computer?

A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches like the cores are capable of being in one of two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters and characters. The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or that magnetize or do not magnetize the cores. The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and logical operations and then supply results of these operations. The program or a part of it that tells the computers what to do and the data that provide the information needed to solve the problem are kept inside the computer in a place called memory. Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. Most computers whether large or small have three basic capabilities.

First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetical operations, such as addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers have means of communicating with the user. If we couldn’t feed information in and get results back these machine wouldn’t be of much use. However, certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc. Some of the most common means of inputting information are to use a keyboard or a mouse, monitors and printers, modems and network cards. The computer’s input device (which might be a disk drive depending on the medium used in inputting information) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information two common devices are used a printer which prints the new information on paper or a display which shows the results on a a screen. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type «Who would win a war between two countries?» or «Who is the richest person in the world?» Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely «Is one number use more often than another?», «Are two numbers equal?» and «Is one number greater than another?»

A computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical operations without becoming tired or bored. A computer can replace people in dull routine but it has no originality, it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise value judgements. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical «brain» but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives the appropriate information but because of electric pulses that move at the speed of light a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetical-logical operations almost instantaneously.

Завдання до тексту7В.

Translate these into your own language:
An intricate network, an input device, tiny metal cores, for outputting information, by inputting signals, a decision, the processing of information, to replace, to define, appropriate, to provide, to carry out, to solve, vast, memory.

Translate these into English:
Подібний, перемикач, безпосередньо керувати, металевe осердя, літери та символи, схема, намагнічувати, механічний мозок, обробка інформації, обмежений, виконувати, дані, швидкість світла, засоби зв'язку з користувачем.

Fill in the necessary words:
1. A computer is a ..... with an intricate network of electronic circuits. 2. The machine is ..... of storing and manipulating numbers, letters and characters. 3. The basic job of a computer is the ..... of information. 4. Most computers have three basic ..... . 5. Computers have ..... for performing arithmetical operations. 6. Certain computers are used ..... directly things such as robots, medical instruments, etc. 7. For outputting information two common ..... are used.

Fill in the gaps the prepositions:
1. A computer is a device ..... an intricate network. 2. The switches are capable of being ..... one or two states. 3. We can make the machine do what we want ..... inputting signals. 4. Computers accept information ..... the form of instructions called a program. 5. Computers have circuits ..... performing operations. 6. Computers have means of communicating ..... the user.

Find the synonyms to the following words in the text:
Work, difficult, to fulfill, fundamental, to end, equipment, complex, way, uninterested, an accomplishment.

Find the antonyms to the following words in the text:
Оutput, smaller, interesting, poor, dark, alive, large, receiving, reject, unusual.

Answer the following questions:
1. What is a computer? 2. What is it capable to do? 3. The basic job of a computer is the processing of information, isn’t it? 4. How do we call a program, which tells the computer what to do? 5. Computers have many remarkable powers, don’t they? 6. What can computer solve? 7. Can computers do anything without a person?

Speaking
Прочитайте діалог і вивчіть його на пам’ять.
A
Raelene: Hi, Burt.  I heard you're looking for a new job.
Burt: Yeah.  I just had an interview yesterday.    
Raelene: Oh.  How did it go?  
Burt: I think I did well.  They said they would make a decision by this Friday.
Raelene: This Friday?  Looks like they want to hire the person as quickly as possible.   
Burt: Yeah!  I think so, too.    
Raelene:What are your chances of getting that job?       
Burt: I believe I have a very good chance.  The director seems to like me.  
Raelene: Well, good luck, then.        
Burt: Thanks.  I hope it helps.

 

LESSON 8

 

Grammar:                                   Перфектні  (завершені) часи
Reading:                                  Input and Output Devices
Computer Games
Speaking:                                   Computers

Grammar

Perfect Tenses
Перфектні (завершені)часи
Present Perfect утворюєтьсязадопомогою haveта Participle IIдієприкметникаминулогочасу  (правильнідієслова −Ved;   неправильні дієслова − IIIформадієслова).

Стверджувальна форма		Заперечна форма		Питальна форма
I	Have come   Has come    Have come	I	Have not come   Has  not come    Have not come	Have I	come ?
you		you		Have  you
He She It		He She It		Has He        She        It
We You They		We You They		Have We          You         They

Скорочення: 've = have, 's = has

Present Perfect перекладається україською мовою дієсловом минулого часу (як i Past Simple). Однак,на відмінувід часу Past Simple, який виражає дію,що відбувалась в певний період або момент в минулому, Present Perfect виражае дію, що вже відбулася до тeперішнього моменту та пов'язана з ним.

Вживання
а) Present Perfect вживаєтьсядляпідкресленнярезультатутієїчиіншої дії.
Example:I've sent a lot of letters.
б) Present Perfect вживаєтьсядлявираженнядії,  щовідбуласявперіодчасу,  якийщенезакінчився (частозобставинамичасуtoday, this morning, this week, this winter, etc.).
Example:Have you seen Jim this morning?
в) PresentPerfectвживається для  вираження дії,   що  відбувалася в минулому, відбувається до теперішнього моменту часу i пов'язана з ним (часто з обставинами  lately, recently, fortwohours, uptonow, foralongtime, since) або відбувалася в минулому i до теперішнього часу ще не закінчилася.
Example:I haven't seen Jim for two years.

Порівняйте: He has worked for the company all his life (i продовжуєпрацювати). He worked for the company all his life (алевженепрацює).
г) Present Perfect вживаєтьсявреченняхзприслівникаминеозначеногочасу(ever, never, just already, yet etc.).
Example:Have you ever been to Kyiv?

Present Perfect не вживається з обставинними словами та словосполученнями, які уточнюють час минулої дії, наприклад: yesterday (вчора), the day before yesterday (позавчора), last week (month, year) (минулого тижня, місяця, року), an hour ago (годину тому), two days ago (два дні тому), on Monday (у понеділок), in July (у липні), in 2013 (у 2013 році) тощо, а також у запитаннях з питальним словом when. З такими обставинами часу вживається Past Indefinite.
Example: She went two days ago.
У підрядних реченнях часу й умови Present Perfect вживається для вираження дії, що закінчилась до певного моменту в майбутньому.
Example: І cannot let you go till you have heard me. Я не можу відпустити вас, поки ви не вислухаєте мене.
У цьому разі Present Perfect перекладається на українську мовумайбутнім часом.

Past Perfect утворюється  зyciма особами за допомогою  had  +ParticipleII. В усному мовленні замість hadвживається переважно скорочена форма ’d(апостроф + d), яка на письмі приєднується до підмета. У питальній формі допоміжне дієслово ставиться перед підметом. У заперечній формі після допоміжного дієслова вживається заперечна частка not.

Past Perfect вживається для вираження дії,  яка відбувалася чивідбулася до якогось певного моменту у минулому. Цей моменту минулому може бути виражений:
а) вказаннямна момент часу за допомогою прийменника by. 
Example:I had already drawn up the contract by Tuesday;
б) за допомогою складнопідрядного речения,  причому PastPerfectможе вживатися i в головному реченні, i в підрядному, залежновід того, яка дія відбувалася раніше.
Example:After she had finished typing the letter, she sent it by fax.

Future Perfect утворюється за допомогою will have + Participle ІІ.
Питальні речення утворюються шляхом винесення допоміжного дієслова willперед підметом. FuturePerfectвживається відносно рідко, коли потрібно підкреслити, що та або інша дія  буде закінчена до якогось певногомоменту в майбутньому.
Example:Our manager will have advised you before you leave.
У підрядних реченнях часу та умови замість FuturePerfectвживається PresentPerfect.

Exercise 1. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дієслова у PastSimple або у PresentPerfect.
1. I … (see) George a couple of minutes ago. 2. I… (lose) my glasses, help me to find them. 3. Now I … (finish) my work, please have a look at it. 4. I…(never, see) such a rain. 5. We … (not, see) our friends for a month. 6. Tom is a good student and…(learn) a lot this year. 7. Last week I… (make) an excursion to Cambridge. 8. During the last few weeks I … (be) very busy. 9. What… (you, do) with my hat? It was here a minute ago. 10. Since 1990 our street … (change) a lot.

Exercise 2. Доберіть потрібну форму дієслова.
1. They began talking about the meeting that (take place) the day before. 2. By eight o’clock John (lock) the rooms. 3. They seemed not to understand what Nelly (say). 4. He thought that the travelers (to get off) at one of the stations. 5. The weather which (to be) good up to then changed. 6. He asked her how she (spend) her holidays. 7. He said he (have) a tiring day. 8. It was many years since I last (see) her. 9. When he (come) to see me I (to look through) all the newspapers. 10. By that time the train (to pass) the Southern Buh river.

Exercise 3. Розкрийте дужки.
1. Where you (be)? − I (be) to the dentist. 2. You (have) breakfast? − Yes, I … 3. The post (come)? − Yes, it … 4. You (see) my watch anywhere? − No, I’m afraid I … 5. Someone (wind) the clock? − Yes, Tom … 6. I (not finish) my letter yet. 7. He just (go) out. 8. Someone (take) my bicycle. 9. We just (hear) the most extraordinary news. 10. You (hear) from her lately? − No, I … 11. I just (wash) the floor. 12. The cat (steal) the fish. 13. You (explain) the exercise? − Yes, I …

Exercise 4. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дієслова у Present Perfect або у Past Simple tense.
1. Have you wound the clock? − Yes, I (wind) it on Monday. 2. Have you ever eaten snails? − Yes, I (eat) some at Tim’s party last week. 3. Has she fed the dog? − Yes, she (feed) him before lunch. 4. Have they repaired the road? − They only (repair) part of it so far. 5. Have they done their homework? − Yes, they (do) it all. 6. Have you found the matches? − No, I (not find) them yet. 7. Have you made the coffee? − Yes, I … 8. Have you been here before? − Yes, I (be) here several times. 9. Have you seen him lately? − No, I (not see) him since Christmas. 10. Have you been to the opera this week? − Yes, I (go) to Faust on Friday.

Exercise 5. Розкрийтедужки, використовуючинеобхіднуформумайбутньогочасу.
1. In a fortnight’s time we (take) our exam. 2. I (finish) this book by tomorrow evening. 3. I’ll still be here next summer but Ron (leave). 4. I (finish) this job in twenty minutes. 5. By next winter they (build) four houses in that field. 6. They (to work) in the garden at 7. 7. By this time next year I (save) £250. 8. By the time we get to the party everything (be) eaten. 9. The train (leave) before we reach the station. 10. If I continue with my diet I (lose) 10 kilos by the end of the month.

Exercise 6. Перекладіть речення.
1. Що ви зробили сьогодні? − Я надрукувала багато листів. − Я хочу подивитися лист до містера Д. − Ось, будь ласка. Я тільки-що надрукувала його. − А лист до містера Р.? − Я ще не надрукувала цей лист. Я надрукую його до кінця робочого дня. 2. Вчора ми зустріли наших друзів. Ми не бачили їх від закінчення університету. Перед тим, як повернутись до Києва, вони працювали у Донецьку. 3. Новий завод побудують до початку наступного року. Його обладнають найсучаснішою  апаратурою.

Exercise 7. Перекладіть речення.
1. Вона щойно вийшла. 2. Скільки разів ви були за кордоном? 3. Ми ще не вирішили цієї проблеми. 4. По дорозі до університету я згадав, що забув свою доповідь вдома. 5. Вранці було холодно і дощило, але, починаючи з 10:00, погода змінилась, і тепер яскраво світить сонце. 6. Всі мої друзі раді були почути, що я успішно склав всі іспити. 7. Коли ви прийдете до мене завтра, я вже прочитаю вашу книгу. 8. Ви напишете цей твір до наступної неділі? 9. Скільки сторінок ви прочитаєте завтра до п'ятої ранку? 10. Ми знаємо один одного вже чотири роки.

 

Reading

Word and word-combinations

 

Text 8A

Input and Output Devices

A peripheral is a device performs input, output or storage functions and is connected to CPU. In order for the computer to be of use to us, there must be some types of mechanism for entering data into the computer for processing. Devices which allow the task of data entry to be performed are called input devices.Input we use to perform the two basic computational tasks: data entry and issuing commands. The most widely used input device is the keyboard, which was adapted from the typewriter. The keyboard is the standard mean for the user to input data into the computer. Unfortunately, it is not a very satisfactory means of input because most people have little or no knowledge of the layout of a typewriter keyboard.

The keyboard itself doesn’t contain any mechanism for creating printed pages. Each time a key on the keyboard is pressed, an electronic signal is sent to the system unit indicating which key was pressed. The system unit and the software interpret this signal and take the appropriate action. Some keys are added to terminal keyboards to fulfill special functions. The most important of these is the RETURN or ENTRY key. This is pressed by the user to indicate to the computer, by the sending of a special code, that the typed line is complete and that the computer can now analyze it. Other keys that may be present include a delete key which when pressed deletes the character just typed, special function keys that can be  used for special purpose by different programs and one marked CONTROL or CTRL which also has a particular function when used with other keys. Some keyboards may also have a numeric keypad to the right of the typewriter keyboard. This may be of help when entering numeric data. There are three keyboard layouts. The first is the standard IBM-PC keyboard. The central portion of the keyboard consists of the alphanumeric keys, that there are ten function keys (labeled F1 – F10) on the top side of the keyboard, and there is a numeric keypad, much like that found on a calculator, on the right side of the keyboard. The function keys are keys which send special signals to the system unit. The effect of pressing a given function key will depend on the software which is currently in use. The numeric keypad is useful when numeric data must be entered into the computer. The numeric keypad serves two roles. The 1st role is the digits, decimal points and addition and subtraction signs are active. The 2nd role is the key of the keypad are used to control the small blinking box or line on the screen which shows the user where the next typed character will be displayed. This line is known as the cursor. The cursor control keys are the arrows (left, right, up and down), PgUp , PgDn, Insert and Delete.

But there are several types of pointing device that are used to move the cursor and usually work in conjunction with the keyboard. The most common pointing device is the mouse, so called because it slides over the desktop and has a wire or ‘tail’ attached to the computer. So a mouse is a hand-held device with a small rotating ball embedded in the bottom. The mouse is an opto-mechanical input device. It has three or two buttons which control the cursor movement across the screen. Each software program uses those buttons differently. The mouse’s primary functions are to help users to draw, point and select images on the computer display by moving the mouse across the screen. In general software programs require to press one or more buttons, sometimes keeping them depressed or double-click them to issue changed in commands and to draw or to erase images. The mouse  slopes gently towards the front, so fingers rest comfortably on the three (or two) buttons which respond easily, and click when pressed. Especially this feature is helpful when user must «double-click» the buttons to activate commands. Hardware installation is required to utilize the mouse. A scanner permits entering text into a computer. There are flat-bed scanners and hand-held scanners. Perhaps the easiest way to enter data into a computer is by speaking, called Voice Recognition. Source data input refers to data fed directly into the computer without human intervention. If the result of the processing is to be any use to us, the system unit must somehow convey these results to us. Devices which are used for this purpose are called output devices. Today, most outputs are visual in nature, produced by two devices: a video display screen monitor or a printer.
Hard disks operate in a similar fashion to floppy disks, but the disk itself is made from a rigid material – often aluminum. In most personal computers the hard disk and the hard disk drive are single unit that is permanently installed. The hard disk is a sealed unit manufactured to fine tolerance, it can operate at higher speed and store more data and information than floppy disk systems.

Завдання до тексту 8A.

Translate these into English:
Пристрій введення; курсор; пристрій виведення; легко рухається по столі; клавіатура; потрібно натиснути одну або дві клавіші; подвійне натискання; для створення друкованих зображень; видалити; спеціальні функції; прикріплена кабелем; наступний символ для друку.

Fill in the gaps necessary words:
1. A peripheral is a ..... that performs input/output or ..... functions. 2. There must be some type of mechanism for ..... data into the computer for ..... . 3. Input is used to perform two basic computational tasks ..... and ..... . 4. There are three keyboard ..... . 5. The numeric ..... is useful when numeric data must be ..... into the computer. 6. The mouse is a ..... unit with a small rotating ball.

Fill in the prepositions:
1. A keyboard was adapted ..... the typewriter. 2. Special function keys can be used ..... special purpose ..... different programs. 3. There are 10 function keys ..... the top side of the keyboard. 4. Numeric data must be entered ..... the computer. 5. A scanner permits entering text ..... a computer.

Give the synonyms to the following words:
А unit, a memory, a device, to permit, to correspond (to), input/ output, to erase, a part, to direct, to slip, to insert, to transfer, to diverse, to short, to use.

Give the antonyms to the following words:
To forbid, narrow, a main unit, hardly, to forget, dull, to separate, to enter, commands, without results, inappropriate, to release, to store, a thick beam, beginning, lower speed, hard disk, inconstant, soft copy, impact, printing, low quality, expensive, to pollute. Text 8В

Computer Games

Battle with an alien spacecraft. Win the World Cup for your country. Use your skill and cunning to find your way through ancient castles. Yes, this is the exciting world of computer games! It’s not all about violence: there’s a game to suit everyone, from problem-solving to sports, and more and more are appearing in shops, cafes and clubs.  

The most popular game some years ago was World Cup 90, a realistic football contest for two players. You choose your international team and, using your skill and tactics, control your team to win the Cup. If football isn’t for you, you could join the Turtles, or test your driving skill in Hard Driving.

Few people know more about computer games than Jon Ritman, a well-known British programmer. He has written Match Day, a football program, Batman and Head Over Heels – both arcade adventures. So how does Jon write a computer game? It takes a lot of careful and logical planning. At first he doesn’t know what the characters or story will be. «You think of the type of game you want to write and then find a story. It could be sports, an adventure, anything. Then you have to work out each section of the game very carefully. Computers are like children – you have to give them very careful instructions so they know what to do».

Each instruction is very simple. It is the combination of instructions, in a very long list, that makes footballers score goals and spacecraft fly in computer games. This list of commands is what people refer to as a «program». The computer understands it in the form of numbers, but there are different languages through which human words are translated into numbers for the computer. Sometimes the instructions tell the computer to show something on the screen. The screen has hundreds of little dots on it which are called pixels. Each pixel has a number so that the computer can recognize it. If you give the computer the number that means «red» and the number of a dot it will make that dot red. Repeat instructions like this thousands and thousands of times and you have a computer game. It’s as simple as that!

Завдання до тексту 8В.
Answer the following questions:
1. What kinds of computer games are appearing more and more in shops, cafes and clubs?
2. Who knows everything about computer games?
3. How does Jon write a computer game?
4. What instructions do you have to give computers?
5. How does the computer understand the program? Speaking

Прочитайте діалоги і вивчіть їх на пам’ять. Computers
A
Mary: Have you seen an interesting advertisement in the last issue of «The Economist»?
John: I have not read it yet.
M.: The School of Engineering offers a new programme in infor­mation system. Applications are invited for jobs in this field.
J.: Professor Smith has told me about it. This programme is interesting. It is designed to meet the needs of persons with a computing background for their work in manage­ment and industry.
M.: Don't you think that our son can lecture on this new programme?
J.: Why not? He graduated from the Department of Computer Science and for some years was taking part in the rese­arch project connected with the problems of super­computers and their manufacturing.
M.: As far as I remember his research interests cover software and application.
J.: And what do they say about the contract?
M.: It is a three years' contract and it may be extended for fur­ther two years. I'll write Mike a letter.
J.: It's too long. You'd better call him.

В
A.: How do you like these new electronic games?
В.: I am crazy (mad) about them. And you?
A.: Really, I don't know what you see in them.
В.: Well, I think a real computer game resembles real life as closely as possible, doesn't it?
A.: May be you are right, but I am not sure.
В.: Oh, but I find them rather relaxing for a change and try to spend every spare minute playing.

LESSON 9

 

Grammar                               Stop and check

Виконайте тести, які допоможуть вам підготувати до модульної контрольної роботи.

TEST 1. PRESENT SIMPLE /PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. I ______a book about astrology.
A am reading B read
2. I ______lots of books every year.
A is reading B read
3. We ______ to the party on Saturday.
A are going B go
4. Nurses ______ after people in hospital.
A are looking B look
5. She ______ for dinner this evening.
A comes B is coming
6. I ______ four languages.
A speak B am speaking
7. It ______ in this part of the world.
A is often raining B often rains
8. Take your umbrella. It ______ cats and dogs.
A rains B is raining
9. Run downstairs. Your sister ______ for you.
A is waiting B waits
10. Can you phone a bit later, please? Jane ______ a bath.
A is having B have

TEST 2. PAST CONTINUOUS / PAST SIMPLE
1. While I ___________ for his call, somebody _______ at the door.
A waited В was waiting C knocked D was knocking
2. They _______ while they ________ their car.
A quarreled В were quarrelling C washed D were washing
3. We ________ about Kate when she suddenly ________ in.
A talked В were talking C came В was coming
4. In the morning when father ________ he ________ himself.
A shaved В was shaving C cut D was cutting
5. When I __________ the exercise I looked at the pictures.
A was starting B were starting C started
6. While I _________ the exercise I looked at my computer screen.
A was doing B were doing C did
7. While I was doing the exercise I ________ my mouse a lot.
A was using B were using C used
8. In the exercise there was a picture of three men who ________ .

A was singing B were singing C sang
9. There was also one of Joe who ___________.
A was smoking B were smoking C smoked
10. In one of the pictures three people _________ for a train.
A was waiting B were waiting C waited

TEST 3. FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Розкрийтедужкиівиберітьпотрібнедієслово, якепередаєдіюв
майбутньому.
1. Let's meet at the cinema at 6. 30. All right, I (wait) for you there.

TEST 7. A / an / the / some / any / many / much / etc.
1. There is ____ apple on the plate.
A a B an C the D any
2. There are ____ books on the shelf.
A the B a C an D some
3. I’ve got ____ nice shoes.
A a B any C some D much
4. Is ____ pen in the box?
A the B any C many D much
5. What’s this? – It's ____ umbrella.
A a B an C any D some
6. There’s ____ milk in this cup.
A some B a C the D any
7. Have you got ____ bananas?
A a B some C much D any
8. We haven't got ____ cheese in the fridge.
A some B any C no D these
9. Can you see ____ people in the street?
A much B some C any

 

TEST 8. Questions
Complete each sentence with the correct tag question.
1. He plays football,…?2. Mary is going to see that movie,…?
3. You're living in France,…?
4. You live in France,…?
5. Thomas is coming over tonight,…?
6. Fiona is Irish,…?
7. Peter and Nancy are coming to the party,…?
8. The neighbors like us,…?
9. Stefan is German,…?
10. We have another carton of milk,…?

TEST 9. Pronouns
Write the correct possessive pronoun for each sentence:
1. That book belongs to them. That book is ...
2. That pen belongs to me. That pen is ...
3. This dog belongs to us. This dog is ...
4. This car belongs to him. This car is …
5. This house belongs to me and my brother. This house is ...
6. That motorcycle belongs to that man. That motorcycle is ...
7. These books belong to those students. These books are ...
8. This hat belongs to you. This hat is ...
9. This cat belongs to my aunt. This cat is ...
10. This ball belongs to those boys. This ball is ...

TEST 10. Pronouns
Choose the correct answers:
1. She's not his friend, she's (my/mine).
2. Robert didn't drink his own coffee. He drank (her/hers).
3. That is one of (hers/her) friends.
4. His neighborhood is safe, while (my/mine) neighborhood isn't.
5. His neighborhood is safe, while (my/mine) isn't.
6. Did (your/yours) mother call?
7. I don't know (them/their) very well.
8. I don't know (them/their) daughter very well.
9. I talked to (my/me) grandmother for three hours last night.
10. I think I got my notes mixed up with (your/yours).

TEST 11. Pronouns
Fill in each blank with the correct reflexive pronoun:
1. You can’t do this for me – I have to do it …
2. Why doesn’t she do it …?
3. He saw … in the mirror.
4. We can’t do this ...
5. They don’t like ...
6. Are you going to the mall by …?
7. She likes to think of … as a good person.
8. I can’t see … doing that.
9. They talk about … all the time.